Percy Bysshe Shelley · first published 1820
To a Skylark
Meaning, complete text, stanza guide, vocabulary, techniques and an explained quiz.
What the poem means
An unseen skylark's song seems to express a joy purer than human art, leading the speaker to ask what such joy could teach poetry.
A chain of similes admits that the bird cannot be captured directly, then contrasts its unshadowed music with human love, praise and songs marked by sorrow. The request for half the bird's gladness turns admiration into poetic ambition: transformed song might make the world listen to the poet.
The poem
Spelling and punctuation follow the checked source edition. Stanza links connect the text to the guide and quiz.
Stanza 1. Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never wert, That from heaven, or near it, Pourest thy full heart In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.
Stanza 2. Higher still and higher From the earth thou springest Like a cloud of fire; The blue deep thou wingest, And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.
Stanza 3. In the golden lightning Of the sunken sun, O'er which clouds are bright'ning, Thou dost float and run, Like an unbodied joy whose race is just begun.
Stanza 4. The pale purple even Melts around thy flight; Like a star of heaven In the broad daylight Thou art unseen, but yet I hear thy shrill delight --
Stanza 5. Keen as are the arrows Of that silver sphere Whose intense lamp narrows In the white dawn clear Until we hardly see -- we feel that it is there.
Stanza 6. All the earth and air With thy voice is loud, As, when night is bare, From one lonely cloud The moon rains out her beams, and heaven is overflowed.
Stanza 7. What thou art we know not; What is most like thee? From rainbow clouds there flow not Drops so bright to see As from thy presence showers a rain of melody.
Stanza 8. Like a poet hidden In the light of thought, Singing hymns unbidden, Till the world is wrought To sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not:
Stanza 9. Like a high-born maiden In a palace tower, Soothing her love-laden Soul in secret hour With music sweet as love, which overflows her bower:
Stanza 10. Like a glow-worm golden In a dell of dew, Scattering unbeholden Its aerial hue Among the flowers and grass, which screen it from the view:
Stanza 11. Like a rose embowered In its own green leaves, By warm winds deflowered, Till the scent it gives Makes faint with too much sweet these heavy-winged thieves:
Stanza 12. Sound of vernal showers On the twinkling grass, Rain-awakened flowers, All that ever was Joyous, and clear, and fresh, thy music doth surpass.
Stanza 13. Teach us, sprite or bird, What sweet thoughts are thine: I have never heard Praise of love or wine That panted forth a flood of rapture so divine.
Stanza 14. Chorus hymeneal Or triumphal chaunt Matched with thine would be all But an empty vaunt -- A thing wherein we feel there is some hidden want.
Stanza 15. What objects are the fountains Of thy happy strain? What fields, or waves, or mountains? What shapes of sky or plain? What love of thine own kind? what ignorance of pain?
Stanza 16. With thy clear keen joyance Languor cannot be: Shadow of annoyance Never came near thee: Thou lovest, but ne'er knew love's sad satiety.
Stanza 17. Waking or asleep, Thou of death must deem Things more true and deep Than we mortals dream, Or how could thy notes flow in such a crystal stream?
Stanza 18. We look before and after, And pine for what is not: Our sincerest laughter With some pain is fraught; Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.
Stanza 19. Yet if we could scorn Hate, and pride, and fear; If we were things born Not to shed a tear, I know not how thy joy we ever should come near.
Stanza 20. Better than all measures Of delightful sound, Better than all treasures That in books are found, Thy skill to poet were, thou scorner of the ground!
Stanza 21. Teach me half the gladness That thy brain must know, Such harmonious madness From my lips would flow The world should listen then, as I am listening now!
Stanza guide
Stanzas 1–21
Twenty-one short stanzas alternate exclamation, comparison, question and petition. Because the bird remains unseen, every simile is provisional; the poem's abundance of images records the mind reaching after a song it cannot fully name.
Return to stanza 1 ↑Vocabulary
- blithe
- cheerful and carefree
- unpremeditated
- not planned or rehearsed beforehand
- satiety
- the condition of having more than enough
Literary techniques
Simile sequence
cloud, star, poet, maiden, glow-worm and rose
Repeated comparison shows both imaginative richness and the failure of any one image to contain the song.
Apostrophe
“Hail to thee, blithe Spirit!”
The bird becomes an elevated presence addressed beyond ordinary description.
Contrast
the skylark's joy against human sorrow
The contrast makes limitation a source of both envy and human artistic depth.
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