Income-tax Act 2025 · PENALTIES

Section 439 · Penalty for under-reporting and misreporting of income.

439. (1) The Competent Authority may, during the course of any proceedings under this Act, impose penalty on any person who has under-reported his income and such penalty shall be payable in addition to tax, if any.

(2) A person shall be deemed to have under-reported his income, if—

(a) the income assessed is greater than the income determined in the return processed under section 270(1)(a);

(b) the income assessed is greater than the maximum amount not chargeable to tax, where no return of income has been furnished or where return has been furnished for the first time under section 280;

(c) the income reassessed is greater than the income assessed or reassessed immediately before such reassessment;

(d) the amount of deemed total income assessed or reassessed as per section 206(1) and (2), is greater than the deemed total income determined in the return processed under section 270(1)(a);

(e) the amount of deemed total income assessed as per section 206(1) and (2), is greater than the maximum amount not chargeable to tax, where no return of income has been furnished or where return has been furnished for the first time under section 280;

(f) the amount of deemed total income reassessed as per section 206(1) and (2), is greater than the deemed total income assessed or reassessed under the said sections immediately before such reassessment;

(g) the income assessed or reassessed has the effect of reducing the loss or converting such loss into income.

(3) The amount of under-reported income shall be,—

(a) if income has been assessed for the first time,—

(i) where return has been furnished, the difference between the amount of income assessed and the amount of income determined under section 270(1)(a);

(ii) where no return of income has been furnished or where return has been furnished for the first time under section 280,—

(A) the amount of income assessed, in the case of a company, firm or local authority; and

(B) the difference between the amount of income assessed and the maximum amount not chargeable to tax, in a case not covered in item

(A);

(b) in any other case, the difference between the amount of income reassessed or recomputed and the amount of income assessed, reassessed or recomputed in a preceding order.

(4) If under-reported income arises out of determination of deemed total income as per section 206(1) and (2), the amount of total under-reported income shall be determined as under— (A – B) + (C – D) where,— A = the total income assessed as per the provisions other than the provisions contained in section 206 (herein referred to as "general provisions"); B = the total income that would have been chargeable had the total income assessed as per the general provisions been reduced by the amount of under- reported income; C = the total income assessed as per section 206; D = the total income that would have been chargeable had the total income assessed as per section 206 been reduced by the amount of under-reported income.

(5)(a) If the amount of under-reported income on any issue is considered both under section 206(1) and (2) and under general provisions, such amount shall not be reduced from total income assessed while determining the amount under D referred to in sub-section (4);

(b) in a case where an assessment or reassessment has the effect of reducing the loss declared in the return or converting that loss into income, the amount of under-reported income shall be the difference between the loss claimed and the income or loss, assessed or reassessed.

(6) Subject to sub-section (8), where the source of any receipt, deposit or investment in any tax year is claimed to be an amount added to income or deducted while computing loss, in the assessment of such person in any year prior to the tax year in which such receipt, deposit or investment appears (herein referred to as the preceding year) and no penalty was levied for such preceding year, then, the under-reported income shall include such amount as is sufficient to cover such receipt, deposit or investment.

(7) The amount referred to in sub-section (6) shall be deemed to be income under-reported for the preceding year in the following order:—

(a) the preceding year immediately before the year in which the receipt, deposit or investment appears, being the first preceding year; and

(b) where the amount added or deducted in the first preceding year is not sufficient to cover the receipt, deposit or investment, the year immediately preceding the first preceding year and so on.

(8) The under-reported income, for the purposes of this section, shall not include the following:—

(a) the amount of income in respect of which the assessee offers an explanation and the Competent Authority, is satisfied that the explanation is bona fide and the assessee has disclosed all the material facts to substantiate the explanation offered;

(b) the amount of under-reported income determined on the basis of an estimate, if the accounts are correct and complete to the satisfaction of the Competent Authority, but the method employed is such that the income cannot properly be deduced therefrom;

(c) the amount of under-reported income determined on the basis of an estimate, if the assessee has, on his own, estimated a lower amount of addition or disallowance on the same issue, has included such amount in the computation of his income and has disclosed all the facts material to the addition or disallowance; and

(d) the amount of under-reported income represented by any addition made in conformity with the arm's length price determined by the Transfer Pricing Officer, where the assessee had maintained such information and documents as may be prescribed under section 171, declared the international transaction under Chapter X, and, disclosed all the material facts relating to the transaction.

(9) The penalty referred to in sub-section (1) shall be 50% of the tax payable on under-reported income.

(10) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (8) or (9), where under-reported income is in consequence of any misreporting thereof by any person, the penalty referred to in sub-section (1) shall be 200% of the tax payable on under-reported income.

(11) The cases of misreporting of income referred to in sub-section (10) shall be the following:—

(a) misrepresentation or suppression of facts;

(b) failure to record investments in the books of account;

(c) claim of expenditure not substantiated by any evidence;

(d) recording of any false entry in the books of account;

(e) failure to record any receipt in books of account having a bearing on total income; [***]

(f) failure to report any international transaction or any transaction deemed to be an international transaction or any specified domestic transaction, to which the provisions of Chapter X [apply; and]

[(g) income referred to in section 195(1)(b).]

(12) The tax payable in respect of the under-reported income shall be—

(a) where no return of income has been furnished or where return has been furnished for the first time under section 280 and the income has been assessed for the first time, the amount of tax calculated on the under-reported income as increased by the maximum amount not chargeable to tax as if it were the total income;

(b) where the total income determined under section 270(1)(a) or assessed, reassessed or recomputed in a preceding order is a loss, the amount of tax calculated on the under-reported income as if it were the total income;

(c) in any other case, determined as follows—  (X – Y)  where,— X = the amount of tax calculated on the under-reported income as increased by the total income determined under section 270(1)(a) or total income assessed, reassessed or recomputed in a preceding order as if it were the total income; and Y = the amount of tax calculated on the total income determined under section 270(1)(a) or total income assessed, reassessed or recomputed in a preceding order.

(13) No addition or disallowance of an amount shall form the basis for imposition of penalty, if such addition or disallowance has already formed the basis for penalty in the case of the person for the same or any other tax year.

[(13A) Where additional income-tax is paid in accordance with section 267(5)(ii), the income on which such additional income-tax is paid shall not form the basis of imposition of penalty under this section.]

(14) The penalty referred to in sub-section (1) shall be imposed, by an order in writing by the Competent Authority.

(15) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "Competent Authority" means the Assessing Officer or the Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or the Commissioner (Appeals) or the Commissioner or the Principal Commissioner; and

(b) "preceding order" means an order immediately preceding the order during the course of which the penalty under sub-section (1) has been initiated.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 524, 525

Section 440 · [Waiver of penalty and immunity from prosecution.]

440.

[(1) An assessee may make an application to the Assessing Officer to grant waiver of penalty levied under section 439 and immunity from initiation of proceedings under section 478 or 479 on fulfilment of the following conditions: ––

(a) the tax and interest payable as per the order of assessment under section 270(10) or reassessment under section 279, has been paid within the period specified in the notice of demand;

(b) where penalty has been levied under the circumstances referred to in section 439(11)(a) to (f), additional income-tax amounting to 100% of the amount of tax payable on under-reported income has been paid within the period specified in the notice of demand, in lieu of such penalty;

(c) where penalty has been levied under the circumstances referred to in section 439(11)(g), additional income-tax amounting to 120% of the amount of tax payable on under-reported income has been paid within the period specified in the notice of demand, in lieu of such penalty; and

(d) no appeal has been filed against the order of assessment or reassessment and levy of penalty referred to in clauses (a), (b) and (c).

(2) An application referred in sub-section (1) shall be made within one month from the end of the month in which the order referred to in the said sub-section is received by the assessee, in such form and verified in such manner, as may be prescribed.

(3) The Assessing Officer shall, on fulfilment of the conditions as specified in sub-section (1), and after the expiry of the period of filing appeal as specified in section 358(3)(a), grant waiver of penalty under section 439 and immunity from initiation of proceedings under section 478 or 479.

(4) No waiver or immunity under sub-section (3) shall be granted if any proceeding has been initiated under Chapter XXII.]

(5) The Assessing Officer, shall pass an order accepting or rejecting the application as referred to in sub-section (1) within three months from the end of the month of its receipt.

(6) No order of rejection under sub-section (5) shall be made without giving the assessee an opportunity of being heard.

(7) The order made under sub-section (5) shall be final.

(8) No appeal under section 356 or 357 or an application for revision under section 378 shall be admissible against the order referred to in sub-section (1)(a), if an order under sub-section (5) has been made accepting the application.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 526

Section 441 · Failure to keep, maintain or retain books of account, documents, etc.

441. A penalty of Rs. 25000 may be imposed on a person by the Assessing Officer or the Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or the Commissioner (Appeals), if he fails to—

(a) keep and maintain the books of account and other documents as per section 62 or the rules made thereunder, in respect of any tax year; or

(b) retain such books of account and other documents for the period specified in the said rules.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 527

Section 442 · Penalty for failure to keep and maintain information and document, etc., in respect of certain transactions.

442. (1) The Assessing Officer or Commissioner (Appeals) may impose a penalty of 2% of the value of each international transaction or specified domestic transaction entered into by a person, if in respect of such transaction he—

(a) fails to keep and maintain any such information and document as required by section 171(1);

(b) fails to report such transaction which he is required to do so; or

(c) maintains or furnishes an incorrect information or document.

(2) The prescribed income-tax authority referred to in section 171(4) may impose a penalty of Rs. 500000 on a person, if he fails to furnish the information and document required under the said section.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 528

Section 443 · Penalty in respect of certain income.

443. [***]

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 529

Section 444 · Penalty for false entry, etc., in books of account.

444. (1) The Assessing Officer or the Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or the Commissioner (Appeals), may impose a penalty equal to the aggregate amount of false or omitted entry, where during any proceeding under this Act, it is found that in the books of account maintained by any person there is—

(a) a false entry; or

(b) an omission of any entry which is relevant for computation of total income of such person, to evade tax liability.

(2) Without prejudice to sub-section (1), the Assessing Officer or the Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or the Commissioner (Appeals) may impose a penalty equal to the aggregated amount of false or omitted entry, on any other person, who causes the person referred to in the said sub-section in any manner to make a false entry or omits or causes to omit any entry referred to in that sub-section.

(3) For the purposes of this section, the expression "false entry" includes use or intention to use—

(a) forged or falsified documents such as a false invoice or, in general, a false piece of documentary evidence; or

(b) invoice in respect of supply or receipt of goods or services or both issued by the person or any other person without actual supply or receipt of such goods or services, or both; or

(c) invoice in respect of supply or receipt of goods or services or both to or from a person who does not exist.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 530

Section 445 · Benefits to related persons.

445. If during any proceedings under this Act, it is found that a person being a registered non-profit organisation has any specified income which is chargeable to tax as per section 337 (Table: Sl. No. 2), the Assessing Officer may impose on such person, a penalty of—

(a) a sum equal to the aggregate amount of income applied, directly or indirectly, by such person, for the benefit of any related person referred to in section 355(h), if the violation is noticed for the first time during any tax year; and

(b) a sum equal to 200% of the aggregate amount of income of such person applied, directly or indirectly, by that person for the benefit of any person referred to in section 355(h), if the violation is noticed again in any subsequent tax year.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 531

Section 446 · [Penalty for failure to furnish information or for furnishing inaccurate information on transaction of crypto-asset.

446. (1) If any person who is required to furnish a statement in respect of a transaction of a crypto-asset under section 509(1), fails to furnish such statement within the time prescribed under the said section, the prescribed income-tax authority under that section may impose on him, a penalty of Rs. 200 for every day for which such failure continues.

(2) The prescribed income-tax authority may impose a penalty of Rs. 50000 on a person referred in sub-section (1), if such person—

(a) provides inaccurate information in the statement and fails to remove such inaccuracy as per section 509(4); or

(b) fails to comply with due diligence the requirement under section 509(5).]

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 532

Section 447 · Penalty for failure to furnish report under section 172.

447. [***]

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Section 448 · Penalty for failure to deduct tax at source.

448. If any person fails to—

(a) deduct the whole or any part of the tax as required under Chapter XIX-B; or

(b) pay or ensure the payment of, the whole or any part of the tax as required by or under—

(i) Note 2 below the Table in section 393(3); or

(ii) Note 6 to section 393(1) (Table: Sl. No. 8), then, the Assessing Officer may impose on him, a penalty equal to the tax which such person failed to deduct or pay or ensure payment of, as aforesaid.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 534

Section 449 · Penalty for failure to collect tax at source.

449. If any person fails to collect the whole or any part of the tax as required under Chapter XIX-B, the Assessing Officer may impose on him, a penalty equal to the tax which such person failed to collect.

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Section 450 · Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 185.

450. If a person takes or accepts any loan or deposit or specified sum in contravention of the provisions of section 185, the Assessing Officer may impose on him, a penalty equal to the amount of the loan or deposit or specified sum so taken or accepted.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 536

Section 451 · Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 186.

451. The Assessing Officer may impose on a person, a penalty equal to the sum received by him in contravention of the provisions of section 186.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 537

Section 452 · Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 187.

452. The Assessing Officer may impose on a person, a penalty of Rs. 5000 for every day of the duration of failure where he fails to provide a facility for accepting payments through the prescribed electronic modes of payment, as referred to in section 187.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 538

Section 453 · Penalty for failure to comply with provisions of section 188.

453. If a person repays any loan or deposit or specified advance referred to in section 188 otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of that section, the Assessing Officer may impose on him, a penalty equal to the loan or deposit or specified advance so repaid.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 539

Section 454 · [Penalty for failure to furnish statement of financial transaction or reportable account after a notice.

454.Where any person, who is required to furnish a statement of financial transaction or reportable account under section 508(1), fails to furnish such statement or reportable account within the period specified in the notice issued under section 508(7), the income-tax authority prescribed under section 508(1) may impose on him, a penalty of Rs. 1000 for every day for which such failure continues, beginning from the day immediately after the period specified in such notice for furnishing such statement or reportable account expires and such penalty shall not exceed Rs. 100000.]

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Section 455 · Penalty for furnishing inaccurate statement of financial transaction or reportable account.

455. (1) The prescribed income-tax authority referred to in section 508 may direct that a person required to furnish a statement under sub-section (1) of the said section shall pay penalty of Rs. 50000, if such person—

(a) provides inaccurate information in the statement or fails to furnish correct information within the period specified under section 508(8); or

(b) fails to comply with the due diligence requirement under section 508(9).

(2) The prescribed income-tax authority referred to in section 508, shall direct that reporting financial institution referred to in section 508(1)(k) shall, in addition to the penalty under sub-section (1) of this section, if any, pay a sum of Rs. 5000 for every inaccurate reportable account, if—

(a) the said institution provides inaccurate information in the statement required to be furnished under section 508(1); and

(b) the inaccuracy in the said statement is due to false or inaccurate information furnished by the holder or holders of the relevant reportable account or accounts.

(3) The reporting financial institution as referred to in sub-section (2) shall be entitled to—

(a) recover the amount paid under sub-section (2) on behalf of the reportable account holder; or

(b) retain an amount equal to the sum so paid out of any moneys that may be in its possession, or may come to it from every such account holder.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 541

Section 456 · Penalty for failure to furnish statement or information or document by an eligible investment fund.

456. If any eligible investment fund required to furnish a statement or any information or document under paragraph 4 of Schedule I, fails to do so within the time prescribed under the said paragraph, the income-tax authority prescribed under the said paragraph may direct that such fund shall pay, by way of penalty, a sum of Rs. 500000.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 542

Section 457 · Penalty for failure to furnish information or document under section 171.

457. If any person who has entered into an international transaction or specified domestic transaction fails to furnish any such information or document as required under section 171(2), a penalty equal to 2% of the value of such transaction may be imposed upon him for each such failure by the Assessing Officer or the Transfer Pricing Officer as referred to in section 166 or the Commissioner (Appeals).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 543

Section 458 · Penalty for failure to furnish information or document under section 506.

458. If any Indian concern, which is required to furnish any information or document under section 506, fails to do so, the prescribed income-tax authority under the said section, may direct that such Indian concern shall pay by way of penalty, a sum of—

(a) 2% of the value of the transaction in respect of which such failure has taken place, if such transaction had the effect of directly or indirectly transferring the right of management or control in relation to the Indian concern;

(b) Rs. 500000, in any other case.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 544

Section 459 · Penalty for failure to furnish report or for furnishing inaccurate report under section 511.

459. (1) If any reporting entity referred to in section 511, required to furnish the report referred to in sub-section (2) of the said section, for a reporting accounting year, fails to do so, the prescribed authority under that section may impose on such entity, a penalty of—

(a) Rs. 5000 for every day for which the failure continues, if the period of failure does not exceed one month;

(b) Rs. 15000 for every day for which the failure continues beyond the period of one month.

(2) If any reporting entity referred to in section 511 fails to produce the information and documents within the period allowed under sub-section (7) of the said section, the prescribed authority under that section may impose on such entity, a penalty of Rs. 5000 for every day during which the failure continues, beginning from the day immediately following the day on which the period for furnishing the information and document expires.

(3) If the failure referred to in sub-section (1) or (2) continues after an order imposing a penalty under the said sub-section, has been served on the entity, then, irrespective of the provisions of the said sub-sections, the prescribed authority may impose penalty of fifty thousand rupees for every day for which such failure continues beginning from the date of service of such order.

(4) If a reporting entity referred to in section 511 provides inaccurate information in the report furnished under sub-section (2) of the said section, the prescribed authority under that section may impose on such entity, a penalty of Rs. 500000, if—

(a) the entity has knowledge of the inaccuracy at the time of furnishing the report but fails to inform the prescribed authority; or

(b) the entity discovers the inaccuracy after the report is furnished and fails to inform the prescribed authority and furnish correct report within fifteen days of such discovery; or

(c) the entity furnishes inaccurate information or document in response to the notice issued under section 511(7).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 545

Section 460 · Penalty for failure to submit statement under section 505.

460. If any person required to furnish statement under section 505, fails to do so within the period prescribed under that section, the Assessing Officer may impose on him, a penalty of—

(a) Rs. 1000 for every day for which the failure continues, if the period of failure does not exceed three months; or

(b) Rs. 100000 in any other case.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 546

Section 461 · Penalty for failure to furnish statements, etc.

461. (1) Where a person, who is required to deliver or causes to be delivered a statement prescribed in section 397(3)(b),—

(a) fails to do so within the time prescribed in the said section; or

(b) furnishes incorrect information in the said statement, the Assessing Officer may impose on such person, a penalty of a sum which shall not be less than Rs. 10000 but which may extend to Rs. 100000.

(2) No penalty shall be levied under sub-section (1)(a) for delay in filing or non-filing of statement referred therein, if the person proves that—

(a) tax deducted or collected along with the fee and interest, if any, was paid to the credit of the Central Government; and

(b) the said statement was also delivered or cause to be delivered before the expiry of one month from the time prescribed in section 397(3)(b).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 547

Section 462 · Penalty for failure to furnish information or furnishing inaccurate information under section 397(3)(d).

462. If any person, who is required to furnish information under section 397(3)(d), fails to furnish such information, or furnishes inaccurate information, the Assessing Officer may impose a penalty of Rs. 100000 on such person.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 548

Section 463 · Penalty for furnishing incorrect information in reports or certificates.

463. (1) Any accountant or merchant banker or registered valuer, shall be liable to pay a penalty of Rs. 10000 for any incorrect information in any report or certificate furnished under any provision of this Act or the rules made thereunder.

(2) The penalty under sub-section (1) shall be payable for each such report or certificate.

(3) The penalty under sub-section (1) shall be payable on directions of the Assessing Officer or the Joint Commissioner (Appeals) or the Commissioner

(Appeals) where the incorrect information mentioned in sub-section (1) is found by such authority in the course of any proceedings under this Act.

(4) In this section,—

(a) "merchant banker" means Category I merchant banker registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India established under section 3 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992); and

(b) "registered valuer" means a person registered as a valuer under section 514.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 549

Section 464 · Penalty for failure to furnish statements, etc.

464. The Assessing Officer may impose a penalty which shall not be less than Rs. 10000 but which may extend up to Rs. 100000 on—

(a) the research association, university, college or other institution referred to in section 45, if it fails to deliver or furnish the documents as may be prescribed under section 45(4)(a); or

(b) the institution or fund, if it fails to deliver or cause to be delivered a statement within the time prescribed under section 354(1)(e), or furnish a certificate prescribed under section 354(1)(g).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 550

Section 465 · Penalty for failure to answer questions, sign statements, furnish information, returns or statements, allow inspections, etc.

465. (1) A person shall be liable to pay a penalty of Rs. 10000 for each default or failure as mentioned below, if that person,—

(a) being legally bound to state the truth of any matter touching the subject of his assessment, refuses to answer any question put to him by an income-tax authority in the exercise of its powers under this Act; or

(b) refuses to sign any statement made by him in the course of any proceedings under this Act, which an income-tax authority may legally require him to sign; or

(c) to whom a summons is issued under section 246(1), either to attend to give evidence or to produce books of account or other documents at a certain place and time omits to attend or produce books of account or documents at the place or time; or

(d) fails to comply with a notice under section 268(1) or 270(8) or fails to comply with a direction issued under section 268(5).

(2) A person shall be liable to pay a penalty of Rs. 500 for every day during which the following failures continue, if that person fails to—

(a) comply with a notice under section 175(7); or

(b) give the notice of discontinuance of his business or profession as required by section 320(3); or

(c) furnish in due time any of the returns, statements or particulars mentioned in section 252 or 397(3) or 507; or

(d) allow inspection of any register referred to in section 255 or of any entry in such register or to allow copies of such register or of any entry therein to be taken; or

(e) furnish the return of income as required under section 263(1)(a)(iii) or (iv) or to furnish it within the time allowed and, in the manner, required under section 263(1) and (2); or

(f) deliver or cause to be delivered in due time a copy of the declaration required under section 393(7); or

(g) furnish a certificate under section 395(4); or

(h) deduct and pay tax under section 416(3); or

(i) furnish a statement under section 392(5)(a); or

(j) deliver or cause to be delivered in due time a copy of the declaration required under section 394(3); or

(k) deliver or cause to be delivered the statement within the time specified in section 397(3)(b); or

(l) deliver or cause to be delivered a statement within the time as may be prescribed under section 397(3)(e); or

(m) deliver or cause to be delivered a statement within the time as may be prescribed under section 397(3)(g)(i).

(3) The amount of penalty shall not exceed the amount of tax deductible or collectible for failures in relation to the following:—

(a) a declaration required under section 393(7);

(b) a certificate as required under section 395(4); and

(c) statements under section 397(3)(b) or (e).

(4) Any penalty imposable under sub-section (1) or (2) shall be imposed—

(a) if the contravention, failure or default for which such penalty is imposable occurs in the course of any proceeding before an income-tax authority not below the rank of Joint Director or a Joint Commissioner, by such income-tax authority;

(b) in a case falling under sub-section (1)(d), by the income-tax authority who had issued the notice or direction referred to therein;

(c) in a case falling under sub-section (2)(f), by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Commissioner or Commissioner; and

(d) in any other case, by the Joint Director or the Joint Commissioner.

(5) In this section, "income-tax authority" includes a Principal Director General or Director General, Principal Director or Director, Joint Director and an Assistant Director or Deputy Director while exercising the powers vested in a court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), when trying a suit in respect of the matters specified in section 246(1).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 551

Section 466 · Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 254.

466. If a person fails to comply with the provisions of section 254, the Joint Commissioner, Deputy Director or Assistant Director or the Assessing Officer, may impose a penalty which may extend up to Rs. [25000] on him.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 552

Section 467 · Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of [sections 262 and 397].

467. (1) If a person fails to comply with the provisions of section 262, the Assessing Officer may impose a penalty of Rs. 10000 on him.

(2) If a person, required to quote or intimate his Permanent Account Number or Aadhaar number in any document as referred to in section 262(9)(a), provides or quotes or intimates a number which is false, knowing or believing it to be false, the Assessing Officer may impose a penalty of Rs. 10000 on him for each such default.

(3) If a person fails to quote or authenticate his Permanent Account Number or Aadhaar number in any document referred to in section 262(9)(a), the Assessing Officer may impose a penalty of Rs. 10000 on him for each such default.

(4) If a person referred to in section 262(9)(b) responsible for ensuring the correct quoting or authentication of Permanent Account Number or Aadhaar number, in documents relating to transactions prescribed under section 262(9)(a) fails to do so, the Assessing Officer may impose a penalty of Rs. 10000 on him for each such default.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 553

Section 468 · Penalty for failure to comply with the provisions of section 397.

468. (1) If a person fails to comply with the provisions of section 397, the Assessing Officer may impose a penalty of Rs. 10000 on him.

(2) If a person, required to quote his Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number in challans, certificates, statements or other documents referred to in section 397(1)(b), quotes a number which is false, knowing or believing it to be false or not true, the Assessing Officer may impose a penalty of Rs. 10000 on him.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 554

Section 469 · Power to reduce or waive penalty, etc., in certain cases.

469. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in this Act, the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner may, whether on his own motion or otherwise, at his discretion reduce or waive the penalty imposed or imposable under section 439 if he is satisfied that such person,––

(a) before the Assessing Officer detected any concealment of particulars of income or of the inaccuracy of particulars furnished in respect of such income, has made a full and true disclosure of such particulars voluntarily and in good faith; and

(b) has cooperated in any enquiry relating to the assessment of his income and has paid or made satisfactory arrangements to pay any tax or interest payable in consequence of an order passed under this Act in respect of the relevant tax year.

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), a person shall be deemed to have made full and true disclosure of his income or of the particulars relating thereto if the difference between the assessed and returned income does not attract penalties under section 439.

(3) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1) or (2), if in a case falling under section 439, the amount of income in respect of which the penalty is imposed or imposable for the relevant tax year or where such disclosure relates to more than one tax year, and aggregate amount of such income or disclosure thereof for such years exceeds Rs. 500000, the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner shall obtain prior approval from the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Director General or Director General, as the case may be, before waiving or reducing the penalty by order referred to in sub-section (1).

(4) Where an order has been made under sub-section (1) in favour of any person, whether such order relates to one or more tax years, he shall not be entitled to any relief under this section in relation to any other tax year at any time after the making of such order.

(5) The Principal Commissioner or Commissioner may, upon an application from the assessee, and after recording his reasons for doing so, reduce or waive the amount of penalty or penalties (whether they relate to one or more tax years) payable by the assessee or stay or compound any proceeding for the recovery of any such amount, if––

(a) doing otherwise would cause genuine hardship to the assessee, having regard to the circumstances of the case; and

(b) the assessee has cooperated in any inquiry relating to the assessment or any proceeding for the recovery of any amount due from him.

(6) The Principal Commissioner or Commissioner shall take prior approval from the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or Principal Director General or Director General, as the case may be, if the aggregate amount of penalties reduced or waived or compounded, as the case may be, under sub-section (5), exceeds Rs. 100000.

(7) An order under sub-section (5), accepting or rejecting the application under the said sub-section, shall be passed within twelve months from the end of the month in which such application was received by the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.

(8) No rejection of application under sub-section (5) shall be made without giving the assessee an opportunity of being heard.

(9) Every order made under this section shall be final and shall not be called into question by any court or any other authority.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 555

Section 470 · Penalty not to be imposed in certain cases.

470. Irrespective of anything contained in the provisions of section 441 or 442 or 446 [***] or 448 or 449 or 450 or 451 or 452 or 453 or 454 or 455 or 456 or 457 or 458 or 459 or 460 or 461 or 462 or 463 or 465(1)(c) or 465(1)(d) or 465(2) or 466 or 467 or 468, no penalty shall be imposed on a person or assessee for any failure referred to in the said provisions, if he proves that there was reasonable cause for the said failure.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 556

Section 471 · Procedure.

471. (1) No order imposing a penalty under this Chapter shall be made unless the assessee has been heard, or has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard [by way of a show-cause notice to that effect].

(2) No order imposing a penalty under this Chapter shall be made without the prior approval of the Joint Commissioner—

(a) where the penalty exceeds Rs. 10000, by the Income-tax Officer;

(b) where the penalty exceeds Rs. 20000, by the Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner.

(3) An income-tax authority on making an order under this Chapter imposing a penalty, unless he himself is the Assessing Officer, shall send a copy of the order to the Assessing Officer.

[(4) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act, where any draft of the proposed order of assessment under section 275 or assessment under section 270 or reassessment under section 279 is made on or after the 1st April, 2027,––

(a) penalty under section 439, if any, shall constitute part of such draft assessment or shall be imposed as a part of such order of assessment or reassessment, as the case may be; and

(b) the reference to the assessment order or the penalty order under section 439 in any of the provisions of this Act shall take reference to such order of assessment or reassessment, as the case may be.

(5) Where the approval of the Joint Commissioner is taken for passing of an order of assessment or reassessment on or after the 1st April, 2027, such approval shall also be deemed to be the approval for the imposition of penalty under section 439, if any, constituting part of such order of assessment or reassessment.]

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 557

Section 472 · Bar of limitation for imposing penalties.

472. (1) No order imposing a penalty under this Chapter shall be passed after the expiry of six months from the end of the quarter in which—

(a) the proceedings, in the course of which action for the imposition of penalty has been initiated, are completed, if the relevant assessment or other order is not the subject-matter of an appeal under section 356 or 357 or 362;

(b) the order of revision is passed, if the relevant assessment or other order is the subject-matter of revision under section 377 or 378;

(c) the order of appeal is received by the jurisdictional Principal Commissioner or Commissioner, if the relevant assessment or other order is the subject- matter of an appeal under section 356 or 357 or 362;

(d) notice for imposition of penalty is issued, in any other case.

(2) The order imposing or enhancing or reducing or cancelling penalty or dropping the proceedings for the imposition of penalty may be revised on the basis of assessment as revised by giving effect to the order under section 356 or 357 or 362 or 365 or 367 or revision under section 377 or 378, where the relevant assessment or other order is the subject-matter of an appeal or revision under the said sections.

(3) No order imposing or enhancing or reducing or cancelling penalty or dropping the proceedings for the imposition of penalty under sub-section (2) shall be passed—

(a) unless the assessee has been heard, or has been given a reasonable opportunity of being heard;

(b) after the expiry of six months from the end of the quarter in which the order under section 356 or 357 or 362 or 365 or 367 is received by the jurisdictional Principal Commissioner or Commissioner or the order of revision under section 377 or 378 is passed.

(4) The provisions of section 471(2) shall apply to the order imposing or enhancing or reducing penalty under this section.

(5) In computing the period of limitation for the purposes of this section, following period shall be excluded—

(a) the time taken in giving an opportunity to the assessee to be reheard under section 244(2);

(b) the period commencing on the date on which stay on proceeding for levy of penalty was granted by an order or injunction of any court and ending on the date on which certified copy of the order vacating the stay was received by jurisdictional Principal Commissioner or Commissioner.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 558