NI Act Section 44: Partial absence or failure of money-consideration
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 · Chapter 3: Of parties to notes, bills and cheques
Also available in: हिंदी
¶When the consideration for which a person signed a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque consisted of money, and was originally absent in part or has subsequently failed in part, the sum which a holder standing in immediate relation with such signer is entitled to receive from him is proportionally reduced.
¶Explanation.-- The drawer of a bill of exchange stands in immediate relation with the acceptor. The maker of a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque stands in immediate relation with the payee, and the indorser with his indorsee. Other signers may by agreement stand in immediate relation with a holder.
¶Illustration
¶A draws a bill on B for Rs. 500 payable to the order of A, B accepts the bill, but subsequently dishonours, it by non-payment. A sues B on the bill, B proves that it was accepted for value as to Rs. 400, and as an accommodation to the plaintiff as to the residue. A can only recover Rs. 400.
Official reference: India Code, Government of India — official section HTML — source review: 5 October 2026.Recorded edition / snapshot date: 2026-10-05.Banaka reference transcription of the official HTML snapshot; not an official or certified edition. Source wording and amendment brackets are retained; layout and footnote callouts are omitted. The recorded date is the review snapshot, not a separately dated consolidation. Hindi guides are original explanations. Read the source amendment notes and current judicial interpretation alongside the text. The historical schedule and section 2 are repealed.Read the original schedule and amendment notes
This text is for reference, not legal advice. Consult the official source for the authoritative text.
Other sections in this chapter
- 26. Capacity to make, etc., promissory notes, etc
- 27. Agency
- 28. Liability of agent signing
- 29. Liability of legal representative signing
- 30. Liability of drawer
- 31. Liability of drawee of cheque
- 32. Liability of maker of note and acceptor of bill
- 33. Only drawee can be acceptor except in need or for honour
- 34. Acceptance by several drawees not partners
- 35. Liability of indorser
- 36. Liability of prior parties to holder in due course
- 37. Maker, drawer and acceptor principals
- 38. Prior party a principal in respect of each subsequent party
- 39. Suretyship
- 40. Discharge of indorser's liability
- 41. Acceptor bound, although, indorsement forged
- 42. Acceptance of bill drawn in fictitious name
- 43. Negotiable instrument made, etc., without consideration
- 45. Partial failure of consideration not consisting of money
- 45A. Holder's right to duplicate of lost bill