Income-tax Act 2025 · COMPUTATION OF TOTAL INCOME

Section 13 · Heads of income.

A.—Heads of income

13. Save as otherwise provided in this Act, all incomes shall, for the purposes of charge of income-tax and computation of total income, be classified under the following heads of income:—

(a) Salaries;

(b) Income from house property;

(c) Profits and gains of business or profession;

(d) Capital gains; and

(e) Income from other sources.

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Section 14 · Income not forming part of total income and expenditure in relation to such income.

14. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, for the purposes of computing the total income under this Chapter, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income.

(2) Where the Assessing Officer, having regard to the accounts of the assessee, is not satisfied with—

(a) the correctness of the claim of expenditure incurred by the assessee; or

(b) the claim made by the assessee that no expenditure has been incurred, in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act, he shall determine such amount of expenditure in accordance with any method, as may be prescribed.

(3) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the provisions of this section shall apply in a case where any expenditure has been incurred during any tax year in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act, but such income has not accrued or arisen or has not been received during that tax year.

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Section 15 · Salaries.

B.—Salaries

15. (1) The following income shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Salaries":—

(a) any salary due from an employer to an assessee in the tax year, whether paid or not;

(b) any salary paid or allowed to him in the tax year by or on behalf of an employer though not due or before it became due to him;

(c) any arrears of salary paid or allowed to him in the tax year by or on behalf of an employer, if not charged to income-tax for any earlier tax year.

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), employer includes former employer.

(3) If any salary paid in advance is included in the total income of any person for any tax year, it shall not be included again in the total income of such person when the salary becomes due.

(4) Any salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, due to, or received by, a partner of a firm from the firm shall not be regarded as salary for the purposes of this section.

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Section 16 · Income from salary.

16. For the purposes of this Part, "salary" includes—

(a) wages;

(b) any annuity or pension;

(c) any gratuity;

(d) any fees or commission;

(e) perquisites;

(f) profits in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages;

(g) any advance of salary;

(h) any payment received by an employee in respect of any period of leave not availed of by him;

(i) the annual accretion to the balance at the credit of an employee participating in a recognised provident fund, to the extent to which it is chargeable to tax as per paragraph 6 of Part A of Schedule XI;

(j) the aggregate of all sums that are comprised in the transferred balance as referred to in paragraph 11(2) of Part A of Schedule XI of an employee participating in a recognised provident fund, to the extent to which it is chargeable to tax under sub-paragraphs (4) and (5) thereof;

(k) the contribution made by the Central Government or any other employer in any tax year, to the account of an employee under a pension scheme referred to in section 124; and

(l) the contribution made by the Central Government in any tax year, to the Agniveer Corpus Fund account of an individual enrolled in the Agnipath Scheme referred to in section 125.

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Section 17 · Perquisite.

17. (1) For the purposes of this Part, "perquisite" includes—

(a) the value of rent-free accommodation provided to the assessee by his employer computed in such manner as may be prescribed;

(b) the value of any accommodation, computed in such manner as may be prescribed, provided to the assessee by his employer at a concessional rate which is in excess of rent recoverable from or payable by the assessee;

(c) the value of any benefit or amenity granted or provided free of cost or at concessional rate in the following cases:—

(i) by a company to an employee, who is a director thereof or who has a substantial interest in the company;

(ii) by any employer (including a company) to an employee [other than employee referred in sub-clause (i)] whose income under the head "Salaries" by way of monetary payment (from one or more employers) exceeds such amount as may be prescribed;

(d) the value of any specified security or sweat equity shares allotted or transferred, directly or indirectly, by the current employer, or former employer, free of cost or at concessional rate to the assessee;

(e) the value of any other benefit or amenity, as may be prescribed;

(f) any sum paid by the employer in respect of any obligation which, but for such payment, would have been payable by the assessee;

(g) any sum payable by the employer to effect an assurance on the life of the assessee or to effect a contract for an annuity, whether directly or through a fund, other than—

(i) a recognised provident fund; or

(ii) an approved superannuation fund; or

(iii) a Deposit-linked Insurance Fund established under—

(A) section 3G of the Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1948 (46 of 1948); or

(B) section 6C of the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (19 of 1952);

(h) aggregate amount of any contribution, in excess of Rs. 750000 in a tax year, made to the account of the assessee by the employer—

(i) in a recognised provident fund;

(ii) in the scheme referred to in section 124(1); and

(iii) in an approved superannuation fund;

(i) the annual accretion by way of interest, dividend or any other amount of similar nature during the tax year to the balance at the credit of the fund or scheme referred to in clause (h), computed in such manner, as may be prescribed (to the extent it relates to the contribution referred to in the said clause in any tax year).

(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to—

(a) the value of any medical treatment provided to an employee or any member of his family in any hospital maintained by the employer;

(b) any sum paid by the employer in respect of any expenditure actually incurred by the employee on his medical treatment or treatment of any member of his family—

(i) in any hospital maintained by the Government, or any local authority, or any other hospital approved by the Government for the purposes of medical treatment of its employees;

(ii) in respect of the prescribed diseases or ailments, in any hospital approved by the Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner having regard to such guidelines as may be issued in this behalf;

(c) any portion of the premium paid by an employer in relation to an employee, to effect or to keep in force an insurance on the health of such employee under any scheme approved, for the purposes of section 30(c), by the—

(i) Central Government; or

(ii) Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority established under section 3(1) of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (41 of 1999);

(d) any sum paid by the employer in respect of any premium paid by the employee to effect or to keep in force an insurance on his health or the health of any member of his family under any scheme, approved for the purposes of section 126, by the—

(i) Central Government; or

(ii) Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority established under section 3(1) of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (41 of 1999);

(e) any expenditure incurred by the employer for the use of any vehicle for journey by the assessee from his residence to his office or other place of work, or from such office or place to his residence;

(f) any expenditure incurred by the employer, or any sum paid by the employer in respect of any expenditure actually incurred by the employee, on—

(i) medical treatment of the employee or any family member of such employee outside India;

(ii) travel and stay abroad for the employee or any member of the family of such employee for medical treatment;

(iii) travel and stay abroad of one attendant who accompanies the patient in connection with such treatment.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2)(f),—

(a) the expenditure on medical treatment and stay abroad shall be excluded from the perquisite only to the extent permitted by the Reserve Bank of India; and

(b) the expenditure on travel shall be excluded from perquisite only in the case of an employee whose gross total income, as computed before including therein the said expenditure, does not exceed such amount as may be prescribed.

(4) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "fair market value" means the value determined in accordance with the method, as may be prescribed;

(b) "family", in relation to an individual, shall have the meaning assigned to it in Schedule III (Note 2);

(c) "gross total income" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 122(10);

(d) "hospital" includes a dispensary or a clinic or a nursing home;

(e) "option" means a right but not an obligation, granted to an employee to apply for the specified security or sweat equity shares at a predetermined price;

(f) "specified security" means the securities as defined in section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956) and, where employees' stock option has been granted under any plan or scheme therefor, includes the securities offered under such plan or scheme;

(g) "sweat equity shares" means equity shares issued by a company to its employees or directors at a discount or for consideration other than cash for providing know-how or making available rights in the nature of intellectual property rights or value additions, by whatever name called;

(h) the value of any specified security or sweat equity shares shall be the fair market value of the specified security or sweat equity shares, on the date on which the option is exercised by the assessee, as reduced by the amount actually paid by, or recovered from, the assessee in respect of such security or shares.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 29, 30

Section 18 · Profits in lieu of salary.

18. (1) For the purposes of this Part, "profits in lieu of salary" includes,—

(a) the amount of any compensation due to, or received by, an assessee from his employer or former employer at or in connection with the—

(i) termination of his employment; or

(ii) modification of the terms and conditions relating thereto;

(b) any amount due to, or received, whether in lump sum or otherwise, by any assessee from any person—

(i) before his joining any employment with that person; or

(ii) after cessation of his employment with that person;

(c) any payment due to or received by an assessee—

(i) from an employer or a former employer; or

(ii) from a provident or other fund, to the extent to which it does not consist of contributions by the assessee or interest on such contributions; or

(iii) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy as defined in Schedule II (Note 1), including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy.

(2) The payment referred in sub-section (1)(c) shall not include any payment referred to in—

(a) Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 3);

(b) Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 4);

(c) Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 8); and

(d) Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 11).

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Section 19 · Deductions from salaries.

19. (1) The income chargeable under the head "Salaries" shall be computed after making the deductions in respect of sums of the nature mentioned in column B of the following Table, not exceeding the amount as mentioned in column C thereof:—

(2) For the purposes of the Table referred to in sub-section (1),—

(a) in respect of the entries against serial number 6 thereof, if gratuity or gratuities was or were received from one or more than one employer in the same tax year (whether or not any gratuity or gratuities was or were received in any earlier tax year), the aggregate amount of deduction shall not exceed—   A - B,   where,—   A = the limit specified by the Central Government, by notification; and   B = the aggregate amount of gratuity or gratuities which was or were received in any one or more earlier tax years and allowed as an exemption or a deduction (whether whole or part) from the total income of any such tax year or years;

(b) in respect of the entries against serial numbers 6 and 14 thereof, "Salary" includes dearness allowance, if the terms of employment so provide, but excludes all other allowances and perquisites;

(c) in respect of the entries against serial numbers 10 and 11 thereof, the following amounts shall be deemed to be compensation received at the time of retrenchment:—

(i) compensation received by a workman at the time of the closing down of the undertaking in which he is employed;

(ii) compensation received by a workman, at the time of the transfer (whether by agreement or by operation of law) of the ownership or management of the undertaking in which he is employed, from the employer in relation to that undertaking to a new employer, if—

(A) the service of the workman has been interrupted by such transfer; or

(B) the terms and conditions of service applicable to the workman after such transfer are in any way less favourable to the workman than those applicable to him immediately before such transfer; or

(C) the new employer is, under the terms of such transfer or otherwise, legally not liable to pay to the workman, in the event of his retrenchment or compensation on the basis that his service has been continuous and has not been interrupted by such transfer;

(d) in respect of the entries against serial numbers 10 and 11 thereof, the expressions "employer" and "workman" shall have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947);

(e) the provisions of the entries against serial number 12 thereof shall be subject to the following conditions:—

(i) the applicable schemes of the said companies or authorities or societies or Universities or the institutes referred to in clauses (h)(vii) and (x), governing the payment of such amount are made as per such guidelines (including, inter alia, criteria of economic viability) as may be issued in this behalf;

(ii) where deduction has been allowed to an employee in respect of the said item for any tax year, no deduction thereunder shall be allowed to him in relation to any other tax year; and

(iii) where any relief under section 157 has been allowed to an assessee for any tax year in respect of any amount referred to in the said item, such amount shall not be allowed as a deduction from the compensation received or receivable in any tax year;

(f) in respect of the entries against serial number 14 thereof, if any payment on account of cash equivalent of leave salary is received from one or more than one employer in the same tax year (whether or not any such payment or payments was or were received in any earlier tax year), the aggregate amount of deduction shall not exceed—   A - B,   where,—   A = the limit specified by the Central Government, by notification; and   B = the aggregate amount of payment or payments which was received in any one or more earlier tax years and allowed as an exemption or a deduction (whether whole or part) from total income of any such tax year or years;

(g) the death-cum-retirement gratuity referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3) shall be as—

(A) received under the revised pension rules of the Central Government, or the Central Civil Services (Pension) Rules, 2021; or

(B) received under any similar scheme applicable—

(i) to the members of the civil services of the Union or holders of posts connected with defence or of civil posts under the Union (such members or holders being persons not governed by the said rules);

(ii) to the members of the all-India services;

(iii) to the members of the civil services of a State or holders of civil posts under a State; or

(iv) to the employees of a local authority;

(h) the schemes of voluntary retirement or termination of service as referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 12) shall be for the employees of—

(i) a public sector company (under a scheme of voluntary separation); or

(ii) any other company; or

(iii) an authority established under a Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act; or

(iv) a local authority; or

(v) a co-operative society; or

(vi) a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act and an institution declared to be a University under section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (3 of 1956); or

(vii) an Indian Institute of Technology within the meaning of section 3(g) of the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 (59 of 1961); or

(viii) the Central or any State Government; or

(ix) an institution, having importance throughout India or in any State or States, as the Central Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf; or

(x) such institute of management, as the Central Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf.

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Section 20 · Income from house property.

C.—Income from house property

20. (1) The annual value of property consisting of any buildings or lands appurtenant thereto, owned by the assessee shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Income from house property".

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to such portions of the property, as the assessee may occupy for his business or profession, the profits of which are chargeable to income-tax.

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Section 21 · Determination of annual value.

21. (1) For the purposes of section 20, the annual value of any property shall be deemed to be the higher of the following:—

(a) the sum for which it might reasonably be expected to let from year to year; or

(b) the actual rent received or receivable by the owner, if the property or any part of it is let.

(2) If the property or any part of it is let and was vacant for the whole or any part of the tax year and owing to such vacancy the actual rent received or receivable by the owner in respect thereof is less than the sum referred to in sub-section (1)(a), the annual value of such property shall be deemed to be the amount so received or receivable.

(3) The annual value of the property shall be reduced by the taxes (including service taxes) levied by a local authority in respect of such property, actually paid during the tax year by the owner, irrespective of when such taxes became payable.

(4) The rent which cannot be realised by the owner shall not be included in computing the actual rent received or receivable, subject to the rules as may be made in this behalf.

(5) Where a property is held as stock-in-trade and is not let wholly or partly at any time during the tax year, the annual value of such property or part thereof shall be [nil up to] two years from the end of the financial year in which the certificate for completion of construction is obtained from the competent authority.

(6) The annual value of the property consisting of a house or any part thereof shall be taken as nil, if the owner occupies it for his own residence or cannot actually occupy it due to any reason.

(7) The provisions of sub-section (6)—

(a) shall apply only in respect of two of such houses as specified by the assessee in this behalf;

(b) shall not apply, if the house or any part thereof is actually let during any time of the tax year, or if the owner derives any other benefit from it.

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Section 22 · Deductions from income from house property.

22. (1) The income under the head "Income from house property" shall be computed after making the following deductions:—

(a) 30% of the annual value as determined under section 21;

(b) where the property has been acquired, constructed, repaired, renewed or reconstructed with borrowed capital, the amount of any interest payable on such capital;

(c) where the capital referred to in clause (b) is borrowed during any period prior to the tax year in which the property has been acquired or constructed, the amount of any interest payable for the said prior period in five equal instalments for the said tax year and for each of the four immediately succeeding tax years.

(2) In case of property or properties referred to in section 21(6), the aggregate amount of deduction under [sub-section (1)(b) and (c)] shall not exceed—

(a) Rs. 200000, subject to the following conditions:—

(i) the property has been acquired or constructed with borrowed capital and such acquisition or construction is completed within five years from the end of tax year in which capital was borrowed;

(ii) the assessee furnishes a certificate from the person to whom interest is payable on such capital; and

(b) Rs. 30000 in any other case.

(3) The deduction under section 22(1)(c) shall be computed after reducing the interest referred to in the said section by any amount already allowed as a deduction under any other provisions of this Act.

(4) The certificate referred to in sub-section (2) shall specify—

(a) the amount of interest payable on capital borrowed; and

(b) the interest payable on any new loan, where subsequent to the capital borrowed, the assessee has taken any such loan for repayment of whole or any part of such capital.

(5) The aggregate of the amounts of deduction under sub-section (2) in respect of properties of the nature referred to in section 21(6) shall not exceed Rs. 200000.

(6) Any interest chargeable under this Act which is payable outside India shall not be allowed as a deduction under this section, if—

(a) tax has not been paid or deducted on such interest under Chapter XIX-B; and

(b) in respect of such interest, there is no agent in India as per section 306.

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Section 23 · Arrears of rent and unrealised rent received subsequently.

23. (1) The amount of arrears of rent received by an assessee from a tenant, or the unrealised rent realised subsequently from a tenant, shall be deemed to be the income from house property in respect of the tax year in which such rent is received or realised.

(2) The amount deemed to be income from house property under sub-section (1) shall be included in the total income of the assessee under the head "Income from house property", whether the assessee is the owner of the property or not in that tax year.

(3) A sum equal to 30% of the arrears of rent or the unrealised rent referred to in sub-section (1) shall be allowed as deduction.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 38

Section 24 · Property owned by co-owners.

24. (1) For property co-owned with definite and ascertainable share, the co-owners shall not be assessed as an association of persons and their income computed separately under this Part as per their respective share shall be included in their total income.

(2) The relief available under section 21(6) shall be provided as if each co-owner is individually entitled to the said relief.

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Section 25 · Interpretation.

25. For the purposes of sections 20 to 24, the "owner" in relation to a property or any part thereof shall include—

(a) an individual who transfers without adequate consideration, any property to the spouse (except under an agreement to live apart), or to a minor child (other than a married daughter);

(b) the holder of an impartible estate, and he shall be deemed to be an individual owner in respect of all the properties comprised in the estate;

(c) a member of a co-operative society, company or other association of persons to whom a building or part thereof is allotted or leased under a house building scheme of the society, company or association;

(d) a person who is allowed to take or retain possession of any building or part thereof in part performance of a contract of the nature referred to in section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882);

(e) a person who acquires any rights (excluding any rights by way of a lease from month to month or for a period not exceeding one year) in or with respect to any building or its part—

(i) by virtue of transfer of such property by way of sale or exchange or original or extendible lease for a term of not less than twelve years; or

(ii) accruing or arising from any transaction (whether by way of becoming a member of, or acquiring shares in, a co-operative society, company or other association of persons or by way of any agreement or any arrangement of whatever nature), not being a transaction by way of sale, exchange or lease which has the effect of enabling the enjoyment of such property.

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Section 26 · Income under head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

D.—Profits and gains of business or profession

26. (1) The incomes referred to in sub-section (2) shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(2) The income under sub-section (1) shall include—

(a) the profits and gains of any business or profession carried on by the assessee at any time during the tax year;

(b) any compensation or other payment, due to, or received, by any person by whatever name called,—

(i) wholly or substantially managing the affairs—

(A) of an Indian company; or

(B) in India, of any other company; or

(ii) holding any agency in India for any part of business activities of any other person; or

(iii) for any contract relating to business,  in connection with termination of management, office, agency or contract, as the case may be, or modification of terms and conditions relating thereto;

(c) any compensation or payment, due to, or received by, any person for vesting of the management of any property or business, in the Government including any corporation owned or controlled by the Government under any law in force;

(d) income derived by a trade, professional or similar association from specific services performed for its members;

(e) profits on sale of import licence, cash assistance against export, duty drawback or duty remission or any other export incentive, received or receivable;

(f) the value of any benefit or perquisite arising from business or the exercise of a profession, whether—

(i) convertible into money or not; or

(ii) in cash or in kind or partly in cash and partly in kind;

(g) any interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, which is due to, or received by, a partner of a firm from such firm to the extent allowed under section 35(e) as a deduction in computing the income of the firm;

(h) any sum, received or receivable, in cash or in kind—

(i) under an agreement for not carrying out any activity in relation to any business or profession, not being—

(A) any sum received on account of transfer of the right to manufacture, produce or process any article or thing or right to carry on any business or profession which is chargeable under the head "Capital gains";

(B) any sum received as compensation from the multilateral fund of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer under the United Nations Environment Programme, as per the terms of agreement entered into with the Government of India; or

(ii) under an agreement for not sharing any know-how, patent, copyright, trade-mark, licence, franchise or any other business or commercial right of similar nature, or information or technique likely to assist in the manufacture or processing of goods or provision for services;

(i) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy;

(j) the fair market value of inventory as on the date on which it is converted into, or treated as, a capital asset determined in the manner, as may be prescribed; and

(k) any sum which is received or receivable in cash or kind, when—

(i) a capital asset other than land or goodwill or financial instrument, is demolished, destroyed, discarded or transferred; and

(ii) the whole of the expenditure on it has been allowed as a deduction under section 35AD of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) or section 46 of this Act.

(3) Where speculative transactions carried on by an assessee are of such nature to constitute a business, the business (herein referred to as speculation business) shall be deemed to be distinct and separate from any other business.

(4) Any income from letting out of a residential house or a part of it by the owner shall not be included in income under sub-section (1) and shall be chargeable only under the head "Income from house property".

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 41

Section 27 · Manner of computing profits and gains of business or profession.

27. The income referred to in section 26 shall be computed as per the provisions of sections 28 to 60, except section 58.

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Section 28 · Rent, rates, taxes, repairs and insurance.

28. (1) The following amounts shall be allowed as deduction in respect of premises, machinery, plant or furniture used for the purposes of the business or profession:—

(a) any premium paid in respect of insurance against risk of damage or destruction thereof;

(b) land revenue, local rates or municipal taxes paid;

(c) rent paid, when the premises are occupied by the assessee as a tenant;

(d) amount paid on account of current repairs to the premises, not being in the nature of capital expenditure, when the premises are occupied by the assessee otherwise than as a tenant;

(e) amount paid on account of cost of repairs, not being in the nature of capital expenditure, when the premises are occupied by the assessee as a tenant and where he has undertaken to bear the cost of repairs to the premises; and

(f) the amount paid on account of current repairs to machinery, plant or furniture, not being in the nature of capital expenditure.

(2) In case where the premises, building, machinery, plant or furniture is partly used or not wholly and exclusively used for the purposes of the business or profession, the deduction allowable under sub-section (1) shall be restricted to the fair proportionate part thereof as determined by the Assessing Officer, having regard to the usage for the purposes of the business or profession.

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Section 29 · Deductions related to employee welfare.

29. (1) The following sums, in the case of an assessee being an employer, shall be allowed as deduction in computing income chargeable under section 26:—

(a) any sum paid by way of contribution towards a recognised provident fund or an approved superannuation fund, subject to—

(i) such limits, as may be prescribed, for recognising the provident fund or approving the superannuation fund; and

(ii) such conditions, as the Board may specify, for cases where the contributions are not made annually either as fixed amounts, or annual contributions fixed on some definite basis by reference to the income chargeable under the head "Salaries" or the contributions or to the number of members of the fund;

(b) any sum paid by way of contribution towards a pension scheme referred to in section 124, for an employee up to 14% of the salary of the employee in the tax year, where such salary includes dearness allowance, if the terms of employment so provide, but excludes all other allowances and perquisites;

(c) any sum paid by way of contribution towards an approved gratuity fund created by the assessee for the exclusive benefit of his employees under an irrevocable trust;

(d) irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (2), any provision made for the purpose of making contribution towards approved gratuity fund or for the purpose of payment of any gratuity that has become payable during the tax year;

[(e) the amount of contribution received from an employee to which the provisions of section 2(49)(o) apply, if it is credited by the assessee to the account of the employee in the relevant fund or funds, on or before the due date of filing of return of income under section 263(1) for the tax year.]

(2) (a) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (1)(d), no deduction shall be allowed for any provision made for the payment of gratuity to the employees on their retirement or termination for any reason; and

(b) in case deduction has been allowed for any provision made under sub- section (1)(d), then no deduction shall be allowed on actual payment made from such provision.

(3) No deduction shall be allowed in respect of any sum paid by the assessee as an employer towards setting up or formation of, or as contribution to, any fund, trust, company, association of persons, body of individuals, society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), or other institution for any purpose, except where such sum is so paid, for the purposes and to the extent provided by or under sub-section (1)(a) or (b) or (c), or as required by or under any other law in force.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 44

Section 30 · Deduction on certain premium.

30. The following sums shall be allowed as deduction in computing income chargeable under section 26, being premium paid:—

(a) by any assessee in respect of insurance against risk of damage or destruction of stocks or stores used for the purposes of business or profession;

(b) by a federal milk co-operative society to effect or to keep in force an insurance on the life of the cattle owned by a member of a co-operative society, being a primary society engaged in supplying milk raised by its members to such federal milk co-operative society;

(c) by the assessee as an employer, through any mode of payment other than cash, to effect or to keep in force an insurance on the health of its employees under a scheme framed in this behalf by—

(i) the General Insurance Corporation of India formed under section 9 of the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972 (57 of 1972) and approved by the Central Government; or

(ii) any other insurer and approved by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority established under section 3(1) of the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (41 of 1999).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 45

Section 31 · Deduction for bad debt and provision for bad and doubtful debt.

31. (1) The amount mentioned in column C of the Table below, in respect of any provision for bad and doubtful debts made by the assessee specified in column B thereof, shall be allowed as a deduction in computation of income chargeable under section 26.

(2) Any amount of bad debt, or part of it, in the tax year in which such amount is written off as irrecoverable in the accounts of the assessee, shall be allowed as deduction in computation of income chargeable under section 26, subject to the following conditions:—

(a) it has been taken into account in computing the income of the assessee of the tax year in which it is written off, or any earlier tax year, or represents the money lent in the ordinary course of the business of banking or money lending which is carried on by the assessee;

(b) if the amount ultimately recovered on any such debt or part of debt is less than the difference between the debt or part and the amount so deducted, the deficiency shall be deductible in the tax year in which the ultimate recovery is made; and

(c) where it relates to an assessee to which sub-section (1) applies,—

(i) only that amount which exceeds the credit balance in the provision for bad and doubtful debts account made under that sub-section shall be allowed as deduction;

(ii) such amount shall be allowed only when the assessee has debited any amount of bad debt or part thereof in that tax year to the provision for bad and doubtful debts account made under that sub-section; and

(iii) the aforesaid account shall be only one such account under sub-section (1) and such account shall be related to all types of advances, including advances made by rural branches.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2),—

(a) any bad debt or part of it written off as irrecoverable shall not include any provision for bad and doubtful debt;

(b) any amount of bad debt or part of it, which has been taken into account in computing the income of the assessee of the tax year in which the amount of bad debt or part of it becomes irrecoverable or of an earlier tax year as per income computation and disclosure standards notified under section 276(2) without recording it in the accounts, shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the assessee of the tax year in which it becomes irrecoverable and such bad debt or part of it shall be deemed to be written off as irrecoverable in the accounts for the purposes of sub-section (2).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 46

Section 32 · Other deductions.

32. The following amounts shall be allowed as deduction in computing income chargeable under section 26:—

(a) bonus or commission paid to an employee for services rendered, but only when such amount would not have been payable to the employee as profits or dividend if it had not been paid as bonus or commission;

(b) interest paid in respect of capital borrowed for the purposes of business or profession, where—

(i) such interest shall not include interest on capital borrowed for acquisition of an asset, whether capitalised in the books of account or not, for any period beginning from the date the capital was borrowed for acquisition of the asset till the date that asset was first put to use;

(ii) recurring subscriptions paid periodically by shareholders or subscribers in Mutual Benefit Societies fulfilling the conditions as may be prescribed, shall be deemed to be capital borrowed;

(c) contribution paid by a public financial institution to the credit guarantee fund trust for small industries as the Central Government may, by notification, specify;

(d) the pro rata amount of discount on a zero coupon bond having regard to the period of life of such bond calculated in the manner, as may be prescribed, where—

(i) "discount" means the difference between the amount received or receivable by the infrastructure capital company or infrastructure capital fund or public sector company or scheduled bank issuing the bond, and the amount payable on maturity or redemption of such bond;

(ii) "period of life of bond" means the period commencing from the date of issue of the bond and ending on the date of the maturity or redemption of such bond;

(e) the amount carried to a special reserve created and maintained by a specified entity, subject to the following conditions:—

(i) such amount shall not exceed 20% of the profits derived from an eligible business computed under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" before any deductions under this clause; and

(ii) when the aggregate of such amounts carried to such reserve account from time to time exceeds twice the amount of paid-up share capital and of general reserves of the specified entity, no deduction shall be allowable on such excess,  and for the purposes of this clause,—

(A) "specified entity" means—

(I) a public financial institution as specified in section 2(72) of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);

(II) a financial corporation which is a public sector company;

(III) a banking company;

(IV) a co-operative bank other than a primary agricultural credit society or a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank;

(V) a housing finance company; and

(VI) any other financial corporation including a public company;

(B) "eligible business" means,—

(I) in respect of any of the specified entities referred to in clause (e)(A)(I) to (IV), the business of providing long-term finance for—

(a) industrial or agricultural development;

(b) development of infrastructure facility in India; or

(c) development of housing in India;

(II) in respect of the specified entity referred to in clause (e)(A)(V), the business of providing long-term finance for the construction or purchase of houses in India for residential purposes; and

(III) in respect of the specified entity referred to in clause (e)(A)(VI), the business of providing long-term finance for development of infrastructure facility in India;

(C) "infrastructure facility" means—

(I) an infrastructure facility as defined in Explanation to section 80-IA(4)(i) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) or any other public facility of a similar nature as may be notified by the Board in this behalf and which fulfils the conditions as may be prescribed;

(II) an undertaking referred to in section 80-IA(4)(ii) or (iii) or (iv) or (vi) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961); and

(III) an undertaking referred to in section 80-IB(10) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);

(f) any expenditure, not being capital expenditure, incurred by a corporation or a body corporate, by whatever name called, if,—

(i) it is constituted or established by a Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act;

(ii) it is notified by the Central Government for the purposes of this clause having regard to the objects and purposes of the Act referred to in sub- clause (i); and

(iii) the expenditure is incurred for the objects and purposes authorised by the Act under which it is constituted or established;

(g) the expenditure incurred by a co-operative society engaged in the business of manufacture of sugar, on purchase of sugarcane at a price equal to or less than the price fixed or approved by the Government;

(h) marked to market loss or other expected loss as computed as per the income computation and disclosure standards notified under section 276(2);

(i) any expenditure bona fide incurred by a company for the purpose of promoting family planning amongst its employees, subject to the following conditions:—

(A) if such expenditure or any part of it is of capital nature, one-fifth of it shall be deducted for the tax year in which it was incurred and the balance shall be deducted in equal instalments for each of the four immediately succeeding tax years;

(B) the provisions of sections 33(11) and 112(3) shall apply to deduction under this clause as they apply in relation to deductions allowable in respect of depreciation;

(C) the provisions of sections 38(1)(c), 39(4) (Table: Sl. No. 9), 45(6) and (10), shall apply to an asset representing capital expenditure for promoting family planning, to the extent they apply to an asset representing capital expenditure on scientific research;

(j) the amount being difference between the actual cost of animals used for the purposes of the business or profession otherwise than as stock-in-trade and the amount realised from the carcasses or animals, where such animals have died or become permanently useless; and

(k) the amount paid as securities transaction tax or commodities transaction tax, if—

(i) the taxable securities transactions or taxable commodities transactions are entered into the course of the business during the tax year; and

(ii) the income arising from such taxable securities transactions or taxable commodities transactions is included in the income computed under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 47, 48

Section 33 · Deduction for depreciation.

33. (1) A deduction in respect of depreciation of—

(a) buildings, machinery, plant or furniture, being tangible assets;

(b) know-how, patents, copyrights, trademarks, licences, franchises or any other business or commercial rights of similar nature, being intangible assets acquired on or after the 1st April, 1998, not being goodwill of a business or profession, owned wholly or partly by the assessee and used wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the business or profession, shall be allowed, as per the provisions of this section.

(2) In case of assets referred to in sub-section (1) of an undertaking engaged in generation or generation and distribution of power, the deduction in respect of depreciation shall be such percentage of its actual cost to the assessee, as may be prescribed.

(3) (a) In case of any block of assets, deduction in respect of depreciation shall be such percentage of its written down value, as may be prescribed;

(b) when any building, machinery, plant or furniture is partly, or not wholly and exclusively, used for the purposes of the business or profession, the deduction under clause (a) shall be restricted to the fair proportionate part thereof as determined by the Assessing Officer, having regard to the usage of such building, machinery, plant or furniture for the purposes of the business or profession;

(c) when deduction of actual cost in respect of any machinery or plant has been allowed under section 54, no deduction under this sub-section shall be allowed.

(4) The deduction under this section shall be restricted to 50% of the prescribed rate, if such asset, being asset referred to in sub-sections (2) and (3) is—

(a) acquired by the assessee during the tax year; and

(b) put to use for the purposes of business or profession for less than one hundred and eighty days in that tax year.

(5) The aggregate deduction in respect of depreciation allowable to the predecessor and successor in cases of succession under section 70(1)(zd) or (ze) or (zf), or section 313, or to the amalgamating and the amalgamated company in the case of amalgamation, or to the demerged and resulting company in the case of demerger, as the case may be, for any tax year, shall not exceed the deduction calculated at the prescribed rates under this section as if the succession, amalgamation or demerger had not taken place, and such deduction shall be allowed on pro rata basis based on number of days for which assets were used by the following:—

(a) predecessor and successor, in case of such succession; or

(b) amalgamating company and the amalgamated company in case of an amalgamation; or

(c) demerged company and the resulting company in case of a demerger.

(6) Where a building, not owned by the assessee, is held on lease or by any other right of occupancy is used for the purposes of business or profession of the assessee, and if any capital expenditure is incurred by the assessee for the purposes of business or profession on construction of any structure or any work by way of renovation, extension or improvement to such building, then such structure or work shall be treated as a building owned by the assessee for the purposes of this section.

(7) The provisions of this section shall apply whether or not the assessee has claimed deduction for depreciation in computing his total income.

(8) In addition to deduction under sub-section (3), additional deduction in respect of depreciation for any new machinery or plant shall be allowed, when—

(a) the assessee is engaged in the business of manufacture or production of any article or thing or in the business of generation, transmission or distribution of power;

(b) the assessee acquires and installs the new machinery or plant;

(c) the new machinery or plant is first put to use by the assessee for the purposes of business; and

(d) the new machinery or plant (not being a ship or an aircraft)—

(i) was not used either within or outside India by any other person before its installation by the assessee;

(ii) is not installed in any office premises or any residential accommodation, including accommodation in the nature of a guest house;

(iii) is not in the nature of any office appliances or road transport vehicle; or

(iv) is not an asset on which the whole of the actual cost is allowed as a deduction (whether by way of depreciation or otherwise) in computing the income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" of any tax year.

(9) The additional deduction in respect of depreciation referred to in sub-section (8) shall be—

(a) 20% of the actual cost of the new machinery or plant in the tax year when it is acquired and put to use, subject to the provisions of clause (b); or

(b) 10% of the actual cost, if the new machinery or plant is acquired and put to use for less than one hundred and eighty days in the relevant tax year, and 10% of the actual cost shall be allowed in the immediately succeeding tax year.

(10) The difference between the written down value and the moneys payable including the scrap value, if any, for any tangible asset in respect of which depreciation is claimed and allowed under sub-section (2), shall be allowed as deduction when—

(a) such asset is sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed in the tax year not being the tax year in which it is first put into use;

(b) the moneys payable including the scrap value, if any, is less than its written down value; and

(c) such deficiency is actually written off in the books of account of the assessee.

(11) (a) Where the profits and gains chargeable for the tax year before allowing the deduction under sub-sections (1) to (10) is less than such allowable deduction, then—

(i) if such profits and gains is not a loss, the deduction under sub-sections (1) to (10) shall be allowed to the extent of the available profits and gains;

(ii) if such profits and gains is a loss, no deduction under sub-sections (1) to (10) shall be allowed;

(b) the amount of deduction which has not been allowed under clause (a) shall be added to the allowable deduction under this section, whether available or not, for the succeeding tax year and the total amount shall be deemed to be eligible for deduction in that year, and so on for the succeeding tax years; and

(c) the provisions of this sub-section shall be subject to the provisions of sections 112(3) and 113(4).

(12) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "assets" mean—

(i) tangible assets, being buildings, machinery, plant or furniture;

(ii) intangible assets being—

(A) know-how; or

(B) patents; or

(C) copyrights; or

(D) trademarks; or

(E) licences; or

(F) franchises; or

(G) any other similar business or commercial rights, but not being goodwill of a business or profession;

(b) "know-how" means any industrial information or technique likely to assist in the manufacture or processing of goods or in the working of a mine, oil- well or other sources of mineral deposits (including searching for discovery or testing of deposits for the winning of access thereto);

(c) "sold" includes a transfer by way of exchange or a compulsory acquisition under any law for the time being in force but does not include a transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation, of any asset by the amalgamating company to the amalgamated company where the amalgamated company is an Indian company or in a scheme of amalgamation of a banking company, as referred to in section 5(c) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949) with a banking institution as referred to in section 45(15) of the said Act, sanctioned and brought into force by the Central Government under section 45(7) of that Act, of any asset by the banking company to the banking institution;

(d) "written down value of the block of assets" shall have the same meaning as in section 41(1)(c).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 49, 50

Section 34 · General conditions for allowable deductions.

34. (1) Any expenditure (not being an expenditure of the nature specified in sections 28 to 33, 44 to 49, 51 and 52 and not being in the nature of capital expenditure or personal expenses of the assessee), laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the business or profession shall be allowed in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), an expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for business or profession by the assessee shall not include any of the following:—

(a) an expenditure incurred for any purpose which is an offence or is prohibited by law; or

(b) an expenditure incurred on the activities relating to corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013); or

(c) an expenditure incurred on advertisement in any souvenir, brochure, tract, pamphlet or the like, published by a political party.

(3) The expenditure mentioned in sub-section (2)(a) shall include expenditure incurred for—

(a) any purpose which is an offence under, or is prohibited by, any law in force in or outside India; or

(b) providing a benefit or perquisite in any form to a person, who may or may not be carrying on a business or exercising a profession, when its acceptance by the person is in violation of any law or rule or regulation or guideline governing the conduct of that person; or

(c) compounding an offence under any law in force in or outside India; or

(d) settling proceedings initiated in relation to contravention under any law notified by the Central Government in this behalf.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 51

Section 35 · Amounts not deductible in certain circumstances.

35. Irrespective of any other provision of Chapter IV-D, the following amounts shall not be allowed as deduction in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession":—

(a) any amount on account of—

(i) tax paid on income; or

(ii) tax paid by employer referred to in Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 10); or

(iii) tax paid in any other country for which relief is eligible under section 159 or 160,  and shall include any surcharge or cess on such tax, by whatever name called;

(b) (i) 30% of any sum payable to a resident, on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XIX-B and during the tax year, such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid up to the due date specified in section 263(1), so, however, that—

(A) where in respect of any such sum, tax is deducted in any subsequent year, or is deducted during the tax year but paid after the due date specified in section 263(1), 30% of such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the tax year, in which such tax has been paid;

(B) where the assessee is required to and fails to deduct whole or any part of the tax under Chapter XIX-B on any such sum but he is not deemed to be an assessee in default under section 398(2), then for the purposes of this sub-clause, the assessee shall be deemed to have deducted and paid the tax on such sum on the date on which the return has been filed by the payee referred to in section 398(2);  (ii) any interest, royalty, fees for technical services or other sum chargeable under this Act which is payable—

(A) outside India; or

(B) in India to a non-resident (which is not a company) or to a foreign company,  on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XIX-B and during the tax year, such tax, has not been deducted or after deduction, has not been paid up to the due date specified in section 263(1), so, however, that —

(I) where in respect of any such sum, tax is deducted in any sub- sequent year, or is deducted during the tax year but paid after the due date specified in section 263(1), such sum shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the income of the tax year, in which such tax has been paid;

(II) where the assessee is required to and fails to deduct whole or any part of the tax under Chapter XIX-B on any such sum but he is not deemed to be an assessee in default under section 398(2), then for the purposes of this sub-clause the assessee shall be deemed to have deducted and paid the tax on such sum on the date on which the return has been filed by the payee as referred to in section 398(2);

(iii) any payment to a provident or other fund established for the benefit of employees of the assessee, unless the assessee has made effective arrangements to secure that tax shall be deducted at source under Chapter XIX-B from any payments made from the fund which are chargeable to tax under the head "Salaries";

(c) any payment chargeable under the head "Salaries", payable outside India or to a non-resident on which tax is deductible at source under Chapter XIX- B and such tax has not been deducted or, after deduction, has not been paid;

(d) any amount—

(i) paid by way of royalty, licence fee, service fee, privilege fee, service charge or any other fee or charge, by whatever name called, which is levied exclusively on; or

(ii) which is appropriated, directly or indirectly, from,  a State Government undertaking by the State Government;

(e) the expenditure incurred by a firm, assessable as such—

(i) in the nature of salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called (herein referred as remuneration) to a partner, who is not a working partner; or

(ii) on the remuneration to a working partner, and interest to any partner, if it is—

(A) not authorised by the partnership deed applicable for the period for which such remuneration or interest is paid; or

(B) authorised by and is as per the terms of partnership deed but relates to the period prior to the date of such partnership deed, or which was not authorised by the earlier partnership deed; or

(iii) on the aggregate remuneration to all working partners as authorised by the partnership deed, exceeding the amount computed as under:—

(A) on the first Rs. 600000 of the book profit or in case of a loss, Rs. 300000 or at the rate of 90% of the book profit, whichever is higher;

(B) on the balance of the book profit, at the rate of 60%; or

(iv) on interest to any partner as authorised by the partnership deed, exceeding 12% simple interest per annum, so, however, that—

(A) where an individual is a partner in a firm, on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person (such partner and the other person being herein referred to as "partner in a representative capacity" and "person so represented", respectively),—

(I) interest paid by the firm to such individual otherwise than as partner in a representative capacity, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause;

(II) interest paid by the firm to such individual as partner in a representative capacity and interest paid by the firm to the person so represented shall be taken into account for the purposes of this clause;

(B) where an individual is a partner in a firm otherwise than as partner in a representative capacity, interest paid by the firm to such individual shall not be taken into account for the purposes of this clause, if such interest is received by him on behalf, or for the benefit, of any other person;

(v) in this clause—

(A) "book profit" means the net profit, as shown in the profit and loss account for the relevant tax year, computed as per Chapter IV-D as increased by the aggregate amount of the remuneration to all the partners of the firm, if such amount has been deducted while computing the net profit;

(B) "working partner" means an individual who is actively engaged in conducting the affairs of the business or profession of the firm of which he is a partner;

(f) the expenditure incurred by an association of persons or a body of individuals (other than a company, or a co-operative society or society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (21 of 1860), or under any law corresponding to that Act in force in any part of India) in the nature of interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration, by whatever name called, made to a member of such association or body, provided that—

(i) where the interest has been paid by the association or the body to its member and such member has also paid interest to the association or the body, then only such excess interest, if any, paid by the association or body shall not be allowed under this clause;

(ii) where an individual is a member of an association or a body on behalf, or for benefit of any other person, such member and any other person shall be referred as "representative member" and "person so represented", respectively, then, the provisions of this clause—

(A) shall not be applicable in respect of interest paid to or received from, such individual otherwise than in his capacity as a representative member;

(B) shall be applicable in respect of interest paid to or received from, an individual in his capacity as a representative member and, the person so represented;

(C) shall not be applicable in respect of interest paid to a member, otherwise than as representative member, on behalf or for the benefit of any other person.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 52, 53

Section 36 · Expenses or payments not deductible in certain circumstances.

36. (1) The provisions of this section shall have effect irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in any other provision of this Act relating to computation of income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(2) If the assessee incurs any expenditure for which payment has been or is to be made to any "specified person", which in the opinion of the Assessing Officer is excessive or unreasonable having regard to the—

(a) fair market value of the goods, services or facilities; or

(b) legitimate needs of the business or profession of the assessee; or

(c) benefit derived by or accruing to the assessee therefrom, so much of the expenditure as considered excessive or unreasonable by him shall not be allowed as a deduction.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2) and this sub-section,—

(a) "specified person" shall mean the following,—

(i) in relation to an assessee mentioned in column B of the Table below, the person referred to in column C thereof:—

(ii) any person being an individual or company or firm or association of persons or Hindu undivided family having substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee, or any director, partner, member thereof or any relatives of such individual, director, partner, member or any other company in which the first mentioned company has substantial interest;

(iii) a company, firm, association of persons, or Hindu undivided family whose director, partner or member has substantial interest in the business or profession of the assessee, or any director, partner or member thereof and their relatives, as the case may be;

(iv) any person carrying on a business or profession, where assessee, being—

(A) an individual or his relative; or

(B) a company, its directors or their relatives; or

(C) a firm, its partners or their relatives; or

(D) an association of persons, its members or their relatives; or

(E) a Hindu undivided family, its members or their relatives,  has substantial interest in the business or profession of such person;

(b) a person is deemed to have "substantial interest in the business or profession" if—

(i) in a case where the business or profession is carried on by a company, such person is, at any time during the tax year, the beneficial owner of shares (not being shares entitled to a fixed rate of dividend whether with or without a right to participate in profits) carrying not less than 20% of the voting power; and

(ii) in any other case, such person is, at any time during the tax year, beneficially entitled to not less than 20% of the profits of such business or profession.

(4) Where in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee, any payment or aggregate of payments made in a day to a person exceeds Rs. 10000 and is not made through specified banking or online mode, then the expenditure by way of such payments shall not be allowed as a deduction.

(5) Where any deduction was made in any preceding tax year for a liability incurred for any expenditure and payment in respect of such liability is made during a subsequent tax year and if such payment or aggregate of payments made in a day to a person exceeds Rs. 10000 and is not made through specified banking or online mode, such payment shall be deemed to be the income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" in such subsequent tax year.

(6) For the purposes of sub-sections (4) and (5), the figures "Rs. 10000" shall be read as "Rs. 35000" in case the payment is made for plying, hiring or leasing of goods carriages.

(7) The provisions of sub-sections (4) and (5) shall not be applicable in cases and circumstances, as may be prescribed, having regard to the nature and extent of banking facilities available, considerations of business expediency and other relevant factors.

(8) Nothing (with reference to mode of payment) contained in any other law in force or in any contract, shall apply in respect of any payment which has been made through specified banking or online mode, in compliance of sub-sections (4) to (7), and no plea shall be allowed to be raised, in any suit or other proceeding on the ground that the payment was not made or tendered in cash or in mode other than through specified banking or online mode.

(9) No deduction or allowance shall be allowed in respect of marked to market loss or other expected loss, except as allowable under section 32(1)(h).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 54

Section 37 · Certain deductions allowed on actual payment basis only.

37. (1) The sums payable, as specified in sub-section (2), which are otherwise allowable as a deduction under this Act, shall be allowed as a deduction while computing the income chargeable under section 26 only in the tax year in which such sums are actually paid irrespective of—

(a) any provision to the contrary in this Act; or

(b) method of accounting regularly followed; or

(c) the tax year in which the liability was incurred.

(2) The sums payable for the purposes of sub-section (1), shall be—

(a) tax, duty, cess, surcharge or fee, by whatever named called, levied under any law in force;

(b) contribution of the employer to a provident fund or superannuation fund or gratuity fund or any fund for the welfare of employees;

(c) amount payable by employer in lieu of any leave at the credit of the employee;

(d) any sum referred to in section 32(a);

(e) interest on loans or advances or borrowings from specified financial entities as per the terms and conditions of the agreement governing such loans or advances or borrowings;

(f) amount payable to the Indian Railways for use of railway assets; or

(g) amount payable by the assessee to a micro or small enterprise beyond the time limit specified in section 15 of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (27 of 2006).

(3) In case the amounts specified in sub-section (2), except the sum referred to in clause (g) thereof, are paid after the end of the tax year in which the liability was incurred, but on or before the due date of filing of return of income under section 263(1) for such tax year, the deduction towards such sum shall be allowed in such tax year.

(4) If interest on loans or advances or borrowings specified in sub-section (2)(e) is converted into a loan or advance or debenture or any other instrument by which the liability to pay is deferred to a future date, then it shall not be deemed to have been actually paid.

(5) If a deduction in respect of any sum payable under sub-section (2) has already been allowed in any tax year when such liability was incurred, it shall not be allowed again in any subsequent tax year when it is paid.

(6) The provisions of this section shall not apply to a sum received by the assessee from any employee as contribution towards any of the funds referred to in section 2(49)(o).

(7) For the purposes of this section, "specified financial entities" means a public financial institution or State Financial Corporation or State Industrial Investment Corporation or such class of non-banking financial companies as may be notified by the Central Government or a scheduled bank or a co-operative bank (other than a primary agricultural credit society or a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank).

(8) For the purposes of sub-section (2)(a), "the sum payable" means a sum for which the assessee has incurred liability in the tax year even though such sum might not have been payable within that year under the relevant law.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 55

Section 38 · Certain sums deemed as profits and gains of business or profession.

38. (1) The following sums shall be deemed to be profits and gains of business or profession and shall be chargeable to income-tax, in the manner specified below, subject to the provisions of sub-section (2):—

(a) where an allowance or deduction has been allowed in respect of any loss, expenditure or trading liability incurred by the assessee during any tax year, then,—

(i) the value of any benefit accruing to the assessee by way of cessation or remission of such trading liability, including a unilateral act of write- off of such liability in his accounts, in a subsequent tax year in which such benefit accrues; or

(ii) any amount obtained by the assessee, whether in cash or other- wise, in respect of such loss or expenditure incurred, in subsequent tax year in which the amount is obtained,  whether the business or profession in respect of which the allowance or deduction was made is in existence in such subsequent tax year or not;

(b) in a case where any tangible asset [as referred to in section 33(12)(a) (i)], which is owned by assessee, is sold, discarded, demolished or destroyed, and the moneys payable for such asset, together with the scrap value [A] exceeds the written down value of such assets [C], the sum as computed below, in the tax year in which the moneys payable for such asset becomes due—

(i) where the moneys payable for such asset together with the scrap value [A] is less than the actual cost of such asset [B], then—  [A] – [C]; or

(ii) in any other case,—  [B] – [C];

(c) in a case where an asset representing expenditure of a capital nature on scientific research, referred to in section 45(1)(a)(i) is sold, without having been used for other purposes, and the sale proceeds together with the total deductions allowed under that section exceed the amount of capital expenditure, the excess or the amount of deduction so made, whichever is less, in the tax year in which the asset was sold;

(d) in a case where a deduction has been allowed for a bad debt (or part of it) under the provisions of section 31(2), and any amount subsequently recovered exceeds the difference between such debt and the amount allowed, then the amount in excess, in the tax year in which recovery is made;

(e) in a case where a deduction has been allowed for any special reserve created and maintained under the provisions of section 32(e), any amount subsequently withdrawn from such reserve, in the tax year in which the amount is withdrawn.

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall apply subject to fulfilment of the following conditions:—

(a) in respect of sub-section (1)(a), only when an allowance or deduction has been made in assessment for any tax year towards the trading liability, loss or expenditure incurred;

(b) in respect of sub-section (1)(b), only when the asset owned by the assessee, has been used for the purpose of business or profession, and depreciation has been claimed and allowed thereon under section 33(2);

(c) in respect of sub-section (1)(c), only when the asset has not been used for other purposes.

(3) Where the business or profession referred to in this section is no longer in existence and there is income chargeable to tax under sub-section (1)(a), (c), (d) or (e), in respect of that business or profession, any loss, not being a loss sustained in speculation business, which arose in that business or profession during the tax year in which it ceased to exist and which could not be set off against any other income of that tax year shall, so far as may be, be set off against the income chargeable to tax under the said clauses of that sub-section.

(4) In respect of sums referred to in sub-section (1)(a), if the benefit referred therein accrues to, or amount referred therein is obtained, by the successor in business, the value of the benefit or the amount shall be chargeable to income-tax as income in the hands of successor in business.

(5) The provisions of sub-section (1)(b), (c), (d) and (e) shall apply in a tax year even if the business is no longer in existence.

(6) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "sold" includes a transfer by way of exchange or a compulsory acquisition under any law for the time being in force but does not include a transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation, of any asset by the amalgamating company to the amalgamated company where the amalgamated company is an Indian company;

(b) "successor in business" means—

(i) the amalgamated company, where there has been an amalgamation;

(ii) the resulting company, where there has been a demerger;

(iii) where the assessee is succeeded by any other person in that business or profession, that other person;

(iv) where a firm carrying on a business or profession is succeeded by another firm, that other firm.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 56

Section 39 · Computation of actual cost.

39. (1) The actual cost of an asset used for the purposes of the business or profession shall be the actual cost to the assessee, as reduced by the following amounts:—

(a) part of cost of asset, if any, met by any other person or authority, directly or indirectly;

(b) goods and services tax paid in respect of which credit of input tax has been claimed and allowed under the relevant law;

(c) duty of excise or additional duty leviable under section 3 of the Customs Tariff Act, 1975 (51 of 1975) in respect of which a claim of credit has been made and allowed under the Central Excise Rules, 1944;

(d) subsidy, grant or reimbursement, by whatever name called, if any, relatable to the acquisition of the asset, received, directly or indirectly, by the assessee from—

(i) the Central Government;

(ii) a State Government;

(iii) any authority established under any law; or

(iv) any other person.

(2) The payment or aggregate of payments exceeding Rs. 10,000 in a day for acquisition of an asset or part thereof, made to a person in a mode otherwise than by specified banking or online mode, shall be excluded from the actual cost of that asset.

(3) In a case where the subsidy, grant or reimbursement referred to in sub-section (1)(d) is not directly relatable to the asset acquired, the amount of reduction under sub-section (1)(d) shall be determined as under:—

A × (B / C)

where,— A = total amount of subsidy, grant or reimbursement not directly relatable to the asset; B = cost of the asset acquired for which actual cost is to be determined; C = cost of all the assets in respect of or in reference to which the subsidy or grant or reimbursement is so received.

(4) In circumstances specified under column B of the Table below, the actual cost of the asset shall be as specified in column C thereof.

(5) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (4), other than serial number 8 of the Table in the said sub-section, in a case where the asset is acquired by the assessee, its actual cost shall be such amount as may be determined by the Assessing Officer having regard to all the circumstances of the case, where—

(a) the asset was used by any other person for the purposes of his business, before such acquisition; and

(b) the Assessing Officer is satisfied that the main purpose of the transfer of the asset, directly or indirectly, was to reduce tax liability (by claiming depreciation on enhanced actual cost).

(6) The determination of actual cost under sub-section (5) shall be made with the prior approval of the Joint Commissioner.

(7) For the purposes of this section, "special modes of acquisition" means acquisition—

(a) by way of a gift or will or an irrevocable trust; or

(b) upon distribution on the liquidation of a company; or

(c) by such mode of transfer as is referred to in section 70(1)(a), (c), (d), (e), (j), (zd), (ze) and (zf).

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Section 40 · Special provision for computation of cost of acquisition of certain assets.

40. (1) For the purposes of computation of income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession", cost of acquisition of an asset which becomes property of—

(a) an amalgamated company under a scheme of amalgamation; or

(b) an assessee, under a gift, or will, or an irrevocable trust, or on total or partial partition of a Hindu undivided family, when sold as stock-in-trade shall be the sum of—

(i) cost of acquisition of the said asset in the hands of the amalgamating company in case of clause (a), or the transferor or donor in case of clause (b);

(ii) any cost of improvement made;

(iii) any expenditure incurred by the amalgamating company or transferor or donor, as the case may be, wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer.

(2) This section shall not apply to an asset referred to in section 67(6).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 59

Section 41 · Written down value of depreciable asset.

41. (1) For the purposes of computation of income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession", written down value means—

(a) in case the asset is acquired in the tax year, the actual cost to the assessee;

(b) in case the asset is acquired before the tax year, actual cost to the assessee less depreciation actually allowed under this Act or under the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);

(c) in case of block of assets, the written down value computed in the following manner:  [(A – D) + B – C] – E, where  A = the written down value of the block of assets in the immediately preceding tax year;  B = actual cost of any asset falling within that block, acquired during the tax year;  C = moneys payable together with scrap value, if any, in respect of any asset falling within the block, which is sold, transferred, demolished, destroyed or discarded during the tax year, where "C" shall not exceed (A – D) + B;  D = depreciation actually allowed in respect of block of assets in relation to the said immediately preceding tax year;  E = in the case of a slump sale, the actual cost of the asset falling within that block as reduced by—

(i) depreciation actually allowed in respect of tax year commencing on 1st April, 1986 or any earlier tax year; and

(ii) depreciation allowable for tax year commencing on or after 1st April, 1987 under this Act or under the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), as if such asset was the only asset in the relevant block of asset.

(2) Where any block of asset is transferred by—

(a) a holding company to its subsidiary company and the conditions of section 70(1)(c) are satisfied;

(b) a subsidiary company to its holding company and the conditions of section 70(1)(d) are satisfied; or

(c) amalgamating company to the amalgamated company being an Indian company, then the actual cost of the block of assets, irrespective of anything contained in section 39, in the hands of transferee company or amalgamated company, as the case may be, shall be the same as written down value of the block of assets as in the case of the transferor company or the amalgamating company in the immediately preceding tax year as reduced by depreciation actually allowed in respect of that block of asset in relation to that tax year.

(3) Where any asset, forming part of a block of assets is transferred by a demerged company to a resulting company, the written down value of block of assets of demerged company for the immediately preceding tax year, shall be reduced by the written down value of the assets transferred to the resulting company pursuant to such demerger.

(4) Where any asset, forming part of a block of assets is transferred by a demerged company to a resulting company then the actual cost of the block of assets, irrespective of anything contained in section 39, for resulting company shall be the written down value of the assets transferred from the demerged company immediately before such demerger.

(5) Where any block of assets is transferred by a private company or unlisted public company to a limited liability partnership and the conditions in section 70(1)(ze) are satisfied, then the actual cost of the block of assets, irrespective of anything contained in section 39, in the hands of limited liability partnership shall be written down value in the hands of said company as on the date of conversion of the company into limited liability partnership.

(6) Where any asset forming part of the block of assets is transferred to a company under the scheme of corporatisation of a recognised stock exchange in India approved by the Securities and Exchange Board of India, the written down value of the block of assets in the hands of such company, shall be the written down value of the assets transferred immediately before such transfer.

(7) In a case of succession in business or profession under section 313, where an assessment is made in the hands of successor under section 313(2), the written down value of any asset or block of assets shall be the amount which would have been taken as its written down value, if the assessment had been made directly on the person succeeded to.

(8) For the purposes of this section, any allowance in respect of any depreciation carried forward under section 33(11) shall be deemed to be the depreciation actually allowed.

(9) Where an assessee was not required to compute his total income for the purposes of this Act for any tax year or tax years preceding the tax year under consideration,—

(a) the actual cost of an asset shall be adjusted by the amount attributable to the revaluation of such asset, if any, in the books of account;

(b) the total amount of depreciation on such asset provided in the books of account of the assessee in respect of such tax year or tax years preceding the tax year under consideration shall be deemed to be the depreciation actually allowed under this Act for the purposes of this clause; and

(c) the depreciation actually allowed under clause (b) shall be adjusted by the amount of depreciation attributable to such revaluation of the asset.

(10) For the purposes of this section, where the income of an assessee is derived, in part from agriculture and in part from business chargeable to income-tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession", for computing the written down value of assets acquired before the tax year, the total amount of depreciation shall be computed as if the entire income is derived from the business of the assessee under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" and the depreciation so computed shall be deemed to be the depreciation actually allowed under this Act or under the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961).

(11) For the purposes of this section, the term "sold" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 38(6)(a).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 60

Section 42 · Capitalising impact of foreign exchange fluctuation.

42. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in any other provision of this Act, where at the time of making payment during the tax year, there is a variation in liability of an assessee as expressed in Indian currency, due to change in rate of exchange, in relation to an asset acquired for the purpose of business or profession from a country outside India, it shall be dealt with in the manner specified in sub-sections (2) and (3).

(2) For this section, the liability shall exclude any part met directly or indirectly by any other person or authority and the "variation in liability" shall be computed as— A = B – C where,—  A = variation in liability;  B = payment expressed in Indian currency at the time when it is made—

(a) towards the whole or part of the cost of asset; or

(b) towards repayment of the whole or part of the moneys borrowed, directly or indirectly, along with interest in foreign currency, specifically for acquiring such asset;  C = liability, corresponding to the amount referred in B, in Indian currency at the time of acquisition of such asset.

(3) The variation in liability shall be added or reduced from the—

(a) actual cost of the asset as referred in section 39; or

(b) expenditure of capital nature referred to in section 32(i) or 45(1)(a) (i); or

(c) cost of acquisition of a capital asset (not being a capital asset referred to in section 74) for the purpose of section 72, and the amount arrived at after such addition or deduction shall be taken to be the actual cost of the asset or the amount of expenditure of a capital nature or, as the case may be, the cost of acquisition of the capital asset.

(4) Where the assessee has entered into a contract with an authorised dealer as defined in section 2 of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (42 of 1999), for providing him with a specified sum in a foreign currency on or after a stipulated future date at the rate of exchange specified in the contract to enable him to meet the whole or any part of the said liability, the amount, if any, to be added to, or deducted from, the actual cost of the asset or the amount of expenditure of a capital nature or, as the case may be, the cost of acquisition of the capital asset under this section shall, in respect of so much of the sum specified in the contract as is available for discharging the said liability, be computed with reference to the rate of exchange specified therein.

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Section 43 · Taxation of foreign exchange fluctuation.

43. (1) Subject to the provisions of section 42, any gain or loss arising on account of change in foreign exchange rates on foreign currency transactions shall be treated as income or loss, as the case may be, and shall be computed as per the income computation and disclosure standards notified under section 276(2).

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall be applicable to all foreign currency transactions, including those relating to—

(a) monetary items and non-monetary items;

(b) translation of financial statements of foreign operations;

(c) forward exchange contracts; and

(d) foreign currency translation reserves.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 62

Section 44 · Amortisation of certain preliminary expenses.

44. (1) If an assessee, being an Indian company or a person (other than a company), who is resident in India, incurs any expenditure specified in sub-section

(2)—

(a) before the commencement of its business; or

(b) after the commencement of its business, in connection with the extension of its undertaking or in connection with its setting up a new unit, the assessee shall be allowed a deduction of an amount equal to one-fifth of such expenditure for each of the five successive tax years beginning with—

(i) the tax year in which the business commences, for clause (a); or

(ii) the tax year in which the extension of the undertaking is completed or the new unit commences production or operation, for clause (b).

(2) The expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) shall be—

(a) the expenditure in connection with—

(i) preparation of feasibility report;

(ii) preparation of project report;

(iii) conducting market survey or any other survey necessary for the business;

(iv) engineering services relating to the business;

(b) legal charges for drafting any agreement between the assessee and any other person for any purpose relating to the setting up or conduct of the business;

(c) in addition to expenditure in clauses (a) and (b), if the assessee is a company,—

(i) legal charges for drafting and printing of the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company;

(ii) fees for registering the company under the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);

(iii) expenditure in connection with the issue, for public subscription, of shares in or debentures of the company, being underwriting commission, brokerage and charges for drafting, typing, printing and advertisement of the prospectus; and

(d) such other items of expenditure (not being expenditure eligible for any allowance or deduction under any other provision of this Act), as may be prescribed.

(3) In relation to expenditure specified in sub-section (2)(a), the assessee shall furnish a statement containing the particulars of the expenditure in such form and manner, as may be prescribed.

(4) The allowable deduction under sub-section (1) in respect of aggregate of expenditure referred to in sub-section (2) shall be restricted to 5%—

(a) of the cost of the project; or

(b) of the capital employed in the business of the company, where the assessee is an Indian company, at its option.

(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "cost of the project" means the actual cost of the fixed assets, being land, buildings, leaseholds, plant, machinery, furniture, fittings and railway sidings (including expenditure on development of land and buildings) and—

(i) for cases under sub-section (1)(a), the actual cost as shown in the books of the assessee as on the last day of the tax year in which the business commences;

(ii) for cases under sub-section (1)(b), the actual cost as shown in the books of the assessee as on the last day of the tax year in which either the extension of the undertaking is completed, or the new unit commences production or operations, as the case may be, in so far as such fixed assets have been acquired or developed in connection with the extension of the undertaking or setting up of new unit;

(b) "capital employed in the business of the company" means—

(i) in cases under sub-section (1)(a), the aggregate of the issued share capital, debentures and long-term borrowings as on the last day of the tax year in which the business of the company commences;

(ii) in a case under sub-section (1)(b), the aggregate of the issued share capital, debentures and long-term borrowings as on the last day of the tax year in which the extension of the undertaking is completed or, as the case may be, the new unit commences production or operation, in so far as such capital, debentures and long-term borrowings have been issued or obtained in connection with the extension of the undertaking or the setting up of the new unit of the company;

(c) "long-term borrowings" means—

(i) any moneys borrowed by the company from Government or Industrial Finance Corporation of India Limited or any other financial institution which is eligible for deduction under section 32(e) or any banking institution (not being a financial institution referred to above); or

(ii) any moneys borrowed or debt incurred by it in a foreign country in respect of the purchase outside India of capital plant and machinery, where the tenure of moneys borrowed or debt is not less than seven years.

(6) If the assessee is a person, other than a company or a co-operative society, no deduction shall be admissible under sub-section (1) unless,—

(a) the accounts of the assessee for the year or years in which the expenditure specified in sub-section (2) is incurred have been audited by an accountant before the specified date referred to in section 63; and

(b) the assessee furnishes for the first year in which the deduction under this section is claimed, the report of such audit by such date in such form duly signed and verified by such accountant and setting forth such particulars, as may be prescribed.

(7) If an undertaking of Indian company entitled for deduction under sub-section (1) is transferred before expiry of five years specified in the said sub-section, in a scheme of amalgamation, to another Indian company, then—

(a) no deduction under sub-section (1) shall be allowed to the amalgamating company for the tax year in which amalgamation takes place; and

(b) all provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the amalgamated company as they would have applied to the amalgamating company, as if the amalgamation had not taken place.

(8) If an undertaking of Indian company entitled for deduction under sub-section (1) is transferred before five years specified in the said sub-section, in a scheme of demerger to another company, then—

(a) no deduction under sub-section (1) shall be allowed to the demerged company for the tax year in which demerger takes place; and

(b) all provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the resulting company as they would have applied to the demerged company, as if the demerger had not taken place.

(9) If a deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax year in respect of any expenditure referred to in sub-section (2), deduction shall not be allowed for such expenditure under any other provision of this Act for the same or any other tax year.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 63, 64

Section 45 · Expenditure on scientific research.

45. (1)(a) A deduction shall be allowed for any expenditure, being in the nature of—

(i) capital expenditure, but not on acquisition of land which is acquired as such or as part of any property; or

(ii) revenue expenditure, incurred on scientific research related to the business of the assessee subject to provisions of this section.

(b) A deduction shall also be allowed under this sub-section in respect of the aggregate of expenditure (not being in the nature of capital expenditure), related to business, incurred on—

(i) salary to an employee engaged in such scientific research; or

(ii) purchase of materials used in such scientific research, where such expenditure is incurred within three years immediately preceding the commencement of business, to the extent certified by the prescribed authority as incurred on such research and such expenditure shall be deemed to have been incurred in the tax year in which the business is commenced.

(c) For the purposes of this sub-section, the aggregate of capital expenditure incurred within three years immediately preceding the commencement of business shall be deemed to have been incurred in the tax year in which the business is commenced.

(2)(i) A deduction shall be allowed in respect of any expenditure on scientific research incurred (not being expenditure in the nature of cost of any land or building) by a company engaged in the business of—

(A) bio-technology; or

(B) manufacture or production of any article or thing, which is not specified in Schedule XIII, on in-house research and development facility as approved by the prescribed authority, subject to the conditions and manner, as may be prescribed.

(ii) No deduction shall be allowed under this sub-section to a company approved under sub-section (3)(b)(ii).

(iii) No deduction shall be allowed in respect of the expenditure mentioned in clause (i) under any other provision of this Act.

(iv) The expenditure under clause (i) shall be allowed subject to such conditions and on furnishing of documents in such form and manner, as may be prescribed.

(v) For the purposes of this sub-section, "expenditure on scientific research", in relation to drugs and pharmaceuticals, shall include expenditure incurred on clinical drug trial, obtaining approval from any regulatory authority under any Central Act or State Act or Provincial Act and filing an application for a patent under the Patents Act, 1970 (39 of 1970).

(3) A deduction shall be allowed for any sum, paid to—

(a) (i) a research association having the object of undertaking scientific research or to a University, college or institution to be used for scientific research; or  (ii) a research association having the object of undertaking research in social science or statistical research or to a University, college or institution to be used for research in social science or statistical research;

(b) a company which is—

(i) registered in India having the main object of scientific research and development; and

(ii) approved by such authority, for the purposes of this clause in such manner and subject to such conditions, as may be prescribed;

(c) (i) a national laboratory; or  (ii) a University; or  (iii) an Indian Institute of Technology; or  (iv) a specified person,  with a specific direction that the said sum shall be used for scientific research undertaken under a programme approved in this behalf by the prescribed authority.

(4) For the purposes of sub-section (3),—

(a) the expenditure shall be allowed subject to such conditions and on furnishing of documents in such form and manner, as may be prescribed; and

(b) in respect of clause (a) of the said sub-section, only such association, University, college or other institution shall be eligible for deduction, which for the time being is approved in the manner and subject to such conditions, as may be prescribed, and is specified by the Central Government, by notification.

(5) The deduction for any sum under sub-section (3) shall not be denied merely on the ground that subsequent to the payment of such sum by the assessee, the approval granted to such entities or the programme undertaken by entities as mentioned in sub-section (3)(c), has been withdrawn.

(6) Where a deduction is allowed for any tax year under this section in respect of expenditure, represented wholly or partly by an asset, no deduction shall be allowed under section 33(3) for the same or any other tax year in respect of that asset.

(7) The provisions of section 33(11) in respect of depreciation shall apply in relation to deductions allowable for capital expenditure under sub-section (1).

(8) No deduction in respect of the sum mentioned in sub-section (3)(c) shall be allowed under any other provision of this Act.

(9) If any question arises under this section as to whether, and if so, to what extent any activity constitutes or constituted scientific research, or any asset is or was being used, for scientific research, the Board shall refer the question to—

(a) the Central Government, when such question relates to any activity under sub-section (3)(a), and its decision shall be final;

(b) the prescribed authority, when such question relates to any other activity other than the activity specified in clause (a), whose decision shall be final.

(10) When an amalgamating company, in a scheme of amalgamation, sells or otherwise transfers to the amalgamated company (being an Indian company) any asset representing capital expenditure on scientific research, the provisions of this section shall apply to the amalgamated company as they would have applied to the amalgamating company if the latter had not so sold or otherwise transferred the asset.

(11) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "National Laboratory" means a scientific laboratory functioning at the national level under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the Indian Council of Medical Research, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the Defence Research and Development Organisation, the Department of Electronics, the Department of Bio-Technology or the Department of Atomic Energy and which is approved as a National Laboratory by such authority and in such manner, as may be prescribed;

(b) "salary" has the meaning assigned to it in section 16 read with section 18 subject to the following modifications:

(i) in section 16, clauses (e) and (j) shall be omitted;

(ii) in section 18, the references to "assessee" shall be construed as references to "employee of former employee" and the reference to "his employer or former employer" and "an employer or a former employer" shall be construed as reference to "the assessee";

(c) "specified person" means such person approved by the prescribed authority; and

(d) "land", for the purpose of sub-section (1)(a)(i), includes any interest in land.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 65, 66

Section 46 · Capital expenditure of specified business.

46. (1) An assessee, at his option, shall be allowed a deduction of the whole of the capital expenditure incurred, wholly and exclusively, for the purposes of any specified business carried on by him during the tax year in which such expenditure is incurred.

(2) Where the expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) is incurred prior to the commencement of its operations and such expenditure is capitalised in the books of account as on the date of commencement of its operations, it shall be allowed during the tax year in which such business is commenced.

(3) This section shall apply to the specified business fulfilling all of the following conditions:—

(a) it is not set up by splitting up, or the reconstruction, of an already existing business;

(b) it is not set up by the transfer of machinery or plant previously used for any purpose to the specified business;

(c) if the business is of the nature referred to in sub-section (11)(d)(iii) and such business—

(i) is owned by a company formed and registered in India under the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) or by a consortium of such companies or by an authority or a board or a corporation established or constituted under any Central Act or State Act;

(ii) has been approved by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board established under section 3(1) of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006 (19 of 2006) and notified by the Central Government in this behalf;

(iii) has made not less than such proportion of its total pipeline capacity as specified by regulations made by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board established under section 3(1) of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board Act, 2006 (19 of 2006) available for use on common carrier basis by any person other than the assessee or an associated person; and

(iv) fulfils any other condition as may be prescribed;

(d) if the business is of the nature referred to in sub-section (11)(d)(xiv), such business,—

(i) is owned by a company registered in India or by a consortium of such companies or by an authority or a board or corporation or any other body established or constituted under any Central Act or State Act;

(ii) entity referred to in sub-clause (i) has entered into an agreement with the Central Government or a State Government or a local authority or any other statutory body for developing or operating and maintaining or developing, operating and maintaining a new infrastructure facility.

(4) No deduction shall be allowed under the provisions of Chapter VIII-C in relation to such specified business for the same or any other tax year, if a deduction under sub-section (1) is claimed and allowed.

(5) No deduction in respect of the expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) shall be allowed to the assessee under any other section in any tax year or under this section in any other tax year, if the deduction has been claimed and allowed to him under this section.

(6) The provisions of this section shall apply to the specified business referred to in column B of the Table below if it commences its operations as specified in column C thereof.

(7) Where the assessee builds a hotel of two star or above category as classified by the Central Government and subsequently, transfers the hotel operation thereof to another person while retaining its ownership, the assessee shall be deemed to be carrying on the specified business referred to in sub-section (11)(d)

(iv).

(8) The provisions contained in sections 122(6) and 140(8) and (13) shall, so far as may be, apply to this section in respect of goods or services or assets held for the purposes of the specified business.

(9) Any asset for which a deduction is claimed and allowed under this section—

(a) shall be used only for the specified business for a period of eight years beginning with the tax year in which such asset is acquired or constructed;

(b) is used for the purpose other than specified business during the period referred to in clause (a), and is not chargeable to tax under section 26(2)(k), then the total amount of deduction so claimed and allowed in one or more tax years, as reduced by the amount of depreciation allowable under section 33, as if no deduction under this section was allowed, shall be deemed to be the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" of the tax year in which the asset is so used.

(10) The provisions of sub-section (9)(b) shall not apply to a company which has become a sick industrial company under section 17(1) of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (1 of 1986), as it stood before its repeal by the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003 (1 of 2004) during the period specified in sub-section (9)(a).

(11) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "associated person", in relation to the assessee, means a person,—

(i) who participates, directly or indirectly, or through one or more intermediaries in the management or control or capital of the assessee;

(ii) who holds, directly or indirectly, shares carrying at least 26% of the voting power in the capital of the assessee;

(iii) who appoints more than half of the board of directors or members of the governing board, or one or more executive directors or executive members of the governing board of the assessee; or

(iv) who guarantees at least 10% of the total borrowings of the assessee;

(b) "cold chain facility" means a chain of facilities for storage or transportation of agricultural and forest produce, meat and meat products, poultry, marine and dairy products, products of horticulture, floriculture and apiculture and processed food items under scientifically controlled conditions including refrigeration and other facilities necessary for the preservation of such produce;

(c) "infrastructure facility" means—

(i) a road including toll road, a bridge or a rail system;

(ii) a highway project including housing or other activities being an integral part of the highway project;

(iii) a water supply project, water treatment system, irrigation project, sanitation and sewerage system or solid waste management system;

(iv) a port, airport, inland waterway, inland port or navigational channel in the sea;

(d) "specified business" means any one or more of the following businesses:—

(i) setting up and operating a cold chain facility;

(ii) setting up and operating a warehousing facility for storage of agricultural produce;

(iii) laying and operating a cross-country natural gas or crude or petroleum oil pipeline network for distribution, including storage facilities being an integral part of such network;

(iv) building and operating, anywhere in India, a hotel of two star or above category as classified by the Central Government;

(v) building and operating, anywhere in India, a hospital with at least 100 beds for patients;

(vi) developing and building a housing project under a scheme for slum redevelopment or rehabilitation framed by the Central Government or a State Government and which is notified by the Board in this behalf in accordance with the guidelines as may be prescribed;

(vii) developing and building a housing project under a scheme for affordable housing framed by the Central Government or a State Government and which is notified by the Board in this behalf in accordance with the guidelines as may be prescribed;

(viii) production of fertilizer in India;

(ix) setting up and operating an inland container depot or a container freight station notified or approved under the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962);

(x) bee-keeping and production of honey and beeswax;

(xi) setting up and operating a warehousing facility for storage of sugar;

(xii) laying and operating a slurry pipeline for the transportation of iron ore;

(xiii) setting up and operating a semi-conductor wafer fabrication manufacturing unit which is notified by the Board in this behalf in accordance with the guidelines as may be prescribed;

(xiv) developing, or maintaining and operating, or developing, maintaining and operating, a new infrastructure facility;

(e) any machinery or plant which was used outside India by any person other than the assessee shall not be regarded as machinery or plant previously used for any purpose, if—

(i) such machinery or plant was not, at any time before the date of the installation by the assessee, used in India;

(ii) such machinery or plant is imported into India; and

(iii) no deduction of depreciation for such machinery or plant has been allowed or is allowable under the provisions of this Act in computing the total income of any person for any period before the date of installation of the machinery or plant by the assessee;

(f) if any machinery or plant or its part previously used for any purpose is transferred to the specified business and its total value does not exceed 20% of the total value of the machinery or plant used in such business, then the conditions specified in sub-section (3)(b) shall be deemed to be complied with;

(g) any expenditure of capital nature shall not include any expenditure—

(i) for which the payment or aggregate of payments made to a person in a day, is not through specified banking or online mode, exceeds Rs. 10000; or

(ii) incurred on the acquisition of any land or goodwill or financial instrument.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 67, 68

Section 47 · Expenditure on agricultural extension project and skill development project.

47. (1) Any expenditure (excluding cost of any land or building) incurred, on—

(a) agricultural extension project by any assessee; or

(b) any skill development project by a company, shall be allowed as a deduction, in the tax year in which such expenditure is incurred provided such project is notified by the Board as per the guidelines issued by it.

(2) If a deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax year in respect of any expenditure referred to in sub-section (1), deduction shall not be allowed for such expenditure under any other provision of this Act for the same or any other tax year.

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Section 48 · Tea development account, coffee development account and rubber development account.

48. (1) Where an assessee is carrying on business of growing and manufacturing tea or coffee or rubber in India, such assessee shall be allowed a deduction on the basis of deposits into the special account or deposit account and computed as per the provisions of the Schedule IX.

(2) Any amount withdrawn or utilised or released from the aforesaid accounts at the time of closure or otherwise shall be charged to tax as per the provisions of the Schedule IX.

(3) Where any asset acquired as per the special scheme or the deposit scheme, as referred to in the Schedule IX, is sold or otherwise transferred in any tax year, it shall be charged to tax in accordance with the provisions of the said Schedule.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 70

Section 49 · Site Restoration Fund.

49. (1) An assessee carrying on a business of prospecting, extracting, or producing petroleum or natural gas, or both, in India, and who has an agreement with the Central Government for this business, shall be allowed a deduction on the basis of deposit to special account or site restoration account and computed as per the provisions of the Schedule X.

(2) Any amount withdrawn or transferred from the aforesaid accounts at the time of closure or otherwise shall be charged to tax in the year in which the amount is transferred or withdrawn as per the provisions of the Schedule X.

(3) Where any asset acquired as per the special scheme, or the deposit scheme, as referred to in Schedule X, is sold or otherwise transferred in any tax year, it shall be charged to tax in accordance with the provisions of the said Schedule.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 71

Section 50 · Special provision in case of trade, profession or similar association.

50. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, if, during the tax year, the amount received by a specified association from its members falls short of the expenditure incurred by such association solely for the protection or advancement of common interest of its members, then the amount so falling short shall be allowed as deduction from the income of such association under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" and the remaining amount, if any, shall be allowed deduction from its income under any other head.

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1),—

(a) "specified association" means any trade, professional or similar association, not covered in Schedule III (Table: Sl. No. 24), whose income or its part is not distributed to its members (other than as grants to any associations or institutions affiliated to it);

(b) the amount received by the specified association from its members shall include amount by way of subscription or otherwise, and shall not include any remuneration received by the association for rendering any specific services to such members;

(c) expenditure incurred by specified association shall not include—

(i) expenditure deductible under any other provision of this Act; and

(ii) any capital expenditure.

(3) The effect of other provisions of this Act relating to carry forward and set off of brought forward losses or allowances shall be given before allowing deduction under sub-section (1).

(4) The maximum allowable deduction under this section shall not exceed 50% of the total income as computed before allowing deduction under this section.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 72

Section 51 · Amortisation of expenditure for prospecting certain minerals.

51. (1) An assessee, being an Indian company or a person (other than a company) who is resident in India, who is engaged in any operations relating to prospecting for, or extraction or production of, any mineral, shall be allowed a deduction of an amount equal to one-tenth of the amount of expenditure referred to in sub-section (2), in each of the relevant tax years.

(2) The expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) is the expenditure incurred by the assessee at any time during the year of commercial production and any one or more of the four tax years immediately preceding that year, wholly and exclusively on any operations relating to prospecting for any mineral or group of associated minerals specified in Part A or Part B, respectively, of the Schedule XII or on the development of a mine or other natural deposit of any such mineral or group of associated minerals.

(3) The expenditure under sub-section (2) shall be reduced by such expenditure which is met directly or indirectly by any other person or authority and any sale, salvage, compensation or insurance moneys realised by the assessee in respect of any property or rights brought into existence as a result of the expenditure.

(4) The following expenditure shall be excluded from the expenditure referred to in sub-section (2):—

(a) any expenditure on the acquisition of the site of the source of any mineral or group of associated minerals referred to in the said sub-section or of any rights in or over such site; or

(b) any expenditure on the acquisition of the deposits of such mineral or group of associated minerals or of any rights in or over such deposits; or

(c) any expenditure of a capital nature in respect of any building, machinery, plant or furniture for which allowance by way of depreciation is admissible under section 33.

(5) The deduction to be allowed under sub-section (1) for any relevant tax year shall be—

(a) an amount equal to one-tenth of the expenditure specified in sub-section (2) as reduced by the expenditure mentioned in sub-sections (3) and (4) (such one-tenth being herein referred to as the instalment); or

(b) such amount as is sufficient to reduce to nil the income (as computed before making the deduction under this section) of that tax year arising from the commercial exploitation [whether or not such commercial exploitation is as a result of the operations or development referred to in sub-sections (2) and (3)] of any mine or other natural deposit of the mineral or any one or more of the minerals in a group of associated minerals under this section in respect of which the expenditure was incurred, whichever is less.

(6) If any part of the instalment for a relevant tax year is not fully allowed, it shall be carried forward to the subsequent tax year, becoming part of the instalment of that tax year and such carrying forward may continue for each following tax year, but no instalment shall be carried forward beyond the tenth tax year from the tax year in which commercial production began.

(7) Where the assessee is a person other than a company or a co-operative society, no deduction shall be admissible under sub-section (1) unless,—

(a) the accounts of the assessee for the tax year or years in which the expenditure specified in sub-section (2) are incurred have been audited by an accountant, before the specified date referred to in section 63; and

(b) the assessee furnishes for the first tax year in which the deduction under this section is claimed, the report of such audit, by such date, in such form and duly signed and verified by such accountant, as may be prescribed.

(8) If an undertaking of an Indian company, entitled for deduction under sub- section (1), is transferred before ten years specified in the said sub-section in a scheme of amalgamation or demerger, to another Indian company, then,—

(a) no deduction shall be allowed to the amalgamating or demerged company for the year in which such amalgamation or demerger takes place; and

(b) all the provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the amalgamated or resulting company as it would have applied to the amalgamating or demerged company, as if the amalgamation or demerger had not taken place.

(9) If a deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax year in respect of any expenditure referred to in sub-section (2), deduction shall not be allowed for such expenditure under any other provision of this Act for the same or any other tax year.

(10) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "operation relating to prospecting" means any operation undertaken for the purposes of exploring, locating or proving deposits of any mineral and includes any such operation which proves to be infructuous or abortive;

(b) "year of commercial production" means the tax year in which as a result of any operation relating to prospecting, commercial production of any mineral or any one or more of the minerals in a group of associated minerals specified in Part A or Part B, respectively, of Schedule XII, commences;

(c) "relevant tax years" means the ten tax years beginning with the year of commercial production.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 73

Section 52 · Amortisation of expenditure for telecommunications services, amalgamation, demerger, scheme of voluntary retirement, etc.

52. (1) Where an expenditure of the nature specified in column B of the Table given below is incurred during the tax year, a deduction or part thereof shall be allowed in equal instalments in each of the successive tax years as mentioned in column D of the said Table, beginning from the initial tax year specified in column C thereof.

(2) Where the licence or spectrum referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4)—

(a) is transferred, and the proceeds of the transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums) are less than the expenditure though incurred, but remaining unallowed, a deduction equal to such expenditure remaining unallowed, as reduced by the proceeds of the transfer, shall be allowed in respect of the tax year in which the licence or spectrum is transferred;

(b) is transferred, whether in whole or in part, and the proceeds of the transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums) exceed the amount of the expenditure though incurred, but remaining unallowed, so much of the excess as does not exceed the difference between the expenditure incurred to obtain the licence or spectrum and the amount of such expenditure remaining unallowed, shall be chargeable to income-tax as profits and gains of the business in the tax year in which the licence or spectrum has been transferred;

(c) is transferred under clause (b) in a tax year in which the business is no longer in existence, the provisions of said clause shall apply as if the business is in existence in that tax year;

(d) is transferred, whether in whole or in part, and the proceeds of the transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums) are equal or greater than the amount of expenditure incurred remaining unallowed, no deduction for such expenditure shall be allowed under sub-section (1) in respect of the tax year in which the licence or spectrum is transferred or in respect of any subsequent tax year or years;

(e) is sold or otherwise transferred by the amalgamating company or demerged company, as the case may be, in a scheme of amalgamation or demerger, to the amalgamated company or resulting company, being an Indian company,—

(i) the provisions of clauses (a), (b), (c) and (d) shall not apply to the amalgamating or demerged company; and

(ii) all the provisions of this section shall continue to apply to the amalgamated or resulting company as it would have applied to the amalgamating or demerged company, as if the transfer had not taken place.

(3) Where a part of licence or spectrum referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4) is transferred in a tax year and sub-section (2)(b) and (c) does not apply, the deduction to be allowed under sub-section (1) for the expenditure though incurred but remaining unallowed shall be arrived at by—

(a) subtracting the proceeds of transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums) from the expenditure remaining unallowed; and

(b) dividing the remainder by the number of relevant tax years which have not expired at the beginning of the tax year during which the licence or spectrum is transferred.

(4) No deduction shall be allowed—

(a) for depreciation under section 33(1) to (10) in respect of expenditure mentioned in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4), where deduction under this section is claimed and allowed for any tax year;

(b) under any other provision of this Act in respect of the expenditure mentioned in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2).

(5) In case any deduction has been claimed and granted in respect of an expenditure referred to in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 3) in a tax year and subsequently there is failure on part of the assessee to comply with any of the provisions of this section, then,—

(a) the deduction shall be deemed to have been wrongly allowed;

(b) the Assessing Officer may, irrespective of any other provisions of this Act, recompute the total income of the assessee for the said tax year by making necessary rectification;

(c) the provisions of section 287 shall, so far as may be, apply; and

(d) the period of four years specified in section 287(8) shall be counted from the end of the tax year in which such failure takes place.

(6) Where a specified business reorganisation takes place before the expiry of the period specified in sub-section (1) (Table: Sl. No. 2.D), in case of an expenditure referred against serial number 2 thereof, then,—

(a) the provisions of this section, as far as may be, shall continue to apply to the successor entity as they would have applied to the predecessor entity if such reorganisation had not taken place; and

(b) no deduction shall be allowed to the predecessor entity under this section for the tax year in which such reorganisation takes place.

(7) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "actually paid" means the actual payment of expenditure irrespective of the tax year in which the liability for the expenditure was incurred according to the method of accounting regularly employed by the assessee or payable in such manner, as may be prescribed;

(b) "equal instalments" shall be calculated by taking numerator as 1 and denominator as the tax years mentioned in column D of the Table in sub-section

(1);

(c) "specified business reorganisation" means—

(i) amalgamation of an Indian company and its undertaking with another Indian company; or

(ii) demerger of an undertaking of an Indian company to another company; or

(iii) succession of a firm or proprietorship concern to a company fulfilling conditions as laid down in section 70(1)(zd); or

(iv) conversion of a private company or unlisted public company to a limited liability partnership fulfilling conditions laid down in section 70(1)

(ze).

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Section 53 · Full value of consideration for transfer of assets other than capital assets in certain cases.

53. (1) In case of transfer of an asset (other than a capital asset), being land or building or both, if the consideration received or accrued from such transfer is less than the stamp duty value, then such stamp duty value for computing profits and gains from transfer of such asset shall be deemed to be the full value of consideration.

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply if the stamp duty value does not exceed 110% of the consideration received or accrued and in such a case, the consideration received or accrued shall be deemed to be the full value of consideration.

(3) If the date of agreement fixing the value of consideration for transfer of asset and date of registration for transfer of such asset are different, then the stamp duty value as on date of agreement may be taken to be the full value of consideration under sub-section (1).

(4) The provisions of sub-section (3) shall apply only in a case where the amount of consideration or a part thereof has been received by specified banking or online mode on or before the date of agreement for transfer of such asset.

(5) For the determination of the stamp duty value under sub-section (1), the provisions of section 78(2) and (3)shall apply.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 76

Section 54 · Business of prospecting for mineral oils.

54. (1) Where the assessee undertakes specified oil exploration business, then deduction specified in sub-sections (3) and (4) shall be allowed while computing the income under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(2) For the purposes of this section, "specified oil exploration business" means business consisting of prospecting for or extraction or production of mineral oils where the following conditions are fulfilled:—

(a) the Central Government has entered into an agreement with the assessee;

(b) such agreement is entered for association or participation of the Central Government or any person authorised by it; and

(c) such agreement is laid before each House of Parliament.

(3) The deduction referred to in sub-section (1) shall be—

(a) for the period before the beginning of commercial production, expenditure towards infructuous or abortive exploration incurred in respect of any surrendered area;

(b) for the period after the commencement of commercial production, expenditure (whether before or after such production) in respect of drilling or exploration activities or services or in respect of physical assets used in that connection;

(c) for the tax year of commencement of commercial production and such succeeding tax years as specified in the agreement, towards depletion of mineral oil in the mining area.

(4) The deductions referred to in sub-section (1) shall be—

(a) either in lieu of, or in addition to, any allowance admissible under this Act as specified in the agreement; and

(b) computed and made in the manner specified in the agreement and the other provisions of this Act shall be deemed to have been modified to such extent.

(5) Where the business or any interest therein as referred to in sub-section (1) is wholly or partly transferred as per the provisions of the agreement, the profit shall be charged to tax or deduction shall be allowed in the following manner:—

(a) where A is less than C, then (C–A) shall be allowed as deduction in the tax year in which such business or interest is transferred;

(b) where A is greater than C,—

(i) but less than B, then (A–C) shall be the profit chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" for the tax year in which such transfer takes place;

(ii) in any other case, only (B–C) shall be the profit chargeable under the said head for the tax year in which such transfer takes place; and

(iii) no deduction shall be allowed for the expenditure incurred remaining unallowed in the tax year in which such transfer takes place or any subsequent tax year,  where,—  A = proceeds of the transfer (so far as they consist of capital sums);  B = total amount of expenditure incurred in connection with the business or to obtain interest therein;  C = amount of expenditure incurred remaining unallowed.

(6) If the business or interest therein is no longer in existence in the year of transfer, the provisions of sub-section (5) shall apply as if such business is in existence during the said year.

(7) Where the business or interest therein is sold or otherwise transferred in a scheme of amalgamation or demerger and the amalgamated entity or the resulting entity being an Indian company, then the provisions of sub-section (5) shall—

(a) not apply to the amalgamating or demerged company; and

(b) continue to apply to the amalgamated or resulting company as it would have applied to the amalgamating or demerged company as if the transfer had not taken place.

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Section 55 · Insurance business.

55. Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in the provisions of this Act for computing income under the head "Income from house property", "Capital gains" or "Income from other sources", or in section 390(5) and (6), or in sections 26 to 54, the profits and gains of any business of insurance, including any such business carried on by a mutual insurance company or by a co-operative society, shall be computed as per the provisions of Schedule XIV.

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Section 56 · Special provision in case of interest income of specified financial institutions.

56. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act, the interest income in relation to bad or doubtful debts of a specified financial institution shall be chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" in the tax year in which such interest is—

(a) credited to the profit and loss account; or

(b) actually received, whichever is earlier.

(2) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "specified financial institution" means—

(i) a public financial institution; or

(ii) a scheduled bank; or

(iii) a co-operative bank, other than—

(A) a primary agricultural credit society; or

(B) a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank; or

(iv) a State Financial Corporation; or

(v) a State Industrial Investment Corporation; or

(vi) any such class of non-banking financial companies, as may be notified by the Central Government;

(b) "bad or doubtful debts" shall be such categories of debts, as may be prescribed, having regard to the guidelines issued in relation to such debts by the Reserve Bank of India.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 79

Section 57 · Revenue recognition for construction and service contracts.

57. (1) The profits and gains arising from a construction contract or a contract for providing services, shall be determined on the basis of percentage of completion method, subject to provisions of sub-section (2), as per the income computation and disclosure standards notified under section 276(2).

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the profits and gains arising from a contract for providing services shall be determined—

(a) on the basis of project completion method, if the duration of such contract is not more than ninety days;

(b) on the basis of straight line method, if the contract involves indeterminate number of acts over a specified period of time.

(3) For the purposes of percentage of completion method, project completion method or straight line method under this section,—

(a) the contract revenue shall include retention money;

(b) the contract costs shall not be reduced by any incidental income in the nature of interest, dividends or capital gains.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 80

Section 58 · Special provision for computing profits and gains of business or profession on presumptive basis in case of certain residents.

58. (1) The provisions of sections 26 to 54, to the extent contrary to this section, shall not apply to the manner of computation of profits and gains of the specified business or profession in sub-section (2).

(2) The profits and gains of any specified business or profession as mentioned in column B of the Table below, carried on by an assessee specified in column C of the said Table, having total turnover or gross receipts of business or profession during the tax year specified in column D and computed in the manner specified in column E thereof, shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business or profession chargeable to tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(3) Any assessee mentioned in column C of the Table in sub-section (2), who claims that—

(a) the profits or gains actually earned from the specified business or profession are lower than the profits or gains computed in the manner mentioned in column E of the said Table; and

(b) whose total income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to tax, shall be required to—

(i) keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as required under section 62; and

(ii) get the accounts audited and furnish a report of such audit as required under section 63.

(4) Any loss, allowance or deduction allowable under the provisions of this Act, shall not be allowed against the income computed in the manner specified in sub-section (2).

(5) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 2), where the assessee is a firm, the salary and interest paid to its partners shall be deducted from the income computed under sub-section (1) subject to the conditions and limits specified in section 35(e).

(6) The written down value of any asset used for the purposes of specified business or profession shall be computed as if the assessee mentioned in column C of the Table in sub-section (2) had claimed and was actually allowed deduction in respect of depreciation thereon for each of the relevant tax years.

(7) Where an eligible assessee declares profit for any tax year as per the provisions of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 1) and he declares profit for any of the five tax years succeeding such tax year in contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1), then he shall not be eligible to claim the benefit of the provisions of this section for five tax years subsequent to the tax year in which the profit has not been declared as per the provisions of the said sub-section.

(8) Irrespective of anything contained in foregoing provision of this section, where provisions of sub-section (7) are applicable to an eligible assessee and his total income exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income-tax, he shall be required to keep and maintain such books of account and other documents as required under section 62 and get them audited and furnish a report of such audit as required under section 63.

(9) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. Nos. 1 and 3), the receipt of amount or aggregate of amounts by a cheque drawn on a bank or by a bank draft, which is not account payee, shall be deemed to be the receipt in cash.

(10) The provisions of sections 62 and 63 shall not apply in so far as they relate to the business referred to in sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 2) and in computing the monetary limits under those sections, the gross receipts or, as the case may be, the income from the said business shall be excluded.

(11) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "eligible assessee" means an individual, a Hindu undivided family, or a firm other than a limited liability partnership, who is resident in India, and who —

(i)  [***]

(ii) has not claimed any deduction under Chapter VIII-C for the relevant tax year;

(iii) does not carry on specified profession as defined in section 62(4);

(iv) does not earn any income in the nature of commission or broke- rage;

(v) does not carry on any agency business;

(b) "specified assessee" means an individual or a firm, other than a limited liability partnership, who is a resident in India;

(c) "limited liability partnership" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 2(1)(n) of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009);

(d) the expressions "goods carriage", "gross vehicle weight" and "unladen weight" shall have the same meaning as respectively assigned to them in section 2 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988);

(e) "heavy goods vehicle" means any goods carriage, the gross vehicle weight of which exceeds 12,000 kilograms; and

(f) an assessee, who is in possession of a goods carriage, whether taken on hire purchase or on instalments and for which the whole or part of the amount payable is still due, shall be deemed to be the owner of such goods carriage.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 81, 82

Section 59 · Computation of royalty and fee for technical services in hands of non- residents.

59. (1) Income in the nature of royalty or fees for technical services received by a specified assessee during a tax year, shall be computed under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" under this Act, if the following conditions are satisfied:—

(a) income is received from the Government or an Indian concern;

(b) income is in pursuance to an agreement made by the specified assessee with the Government or the Indian concern;

(c) the specified assessee carries on business in India through a permanent establishment, or performs professional services from a fixed place of profession, situated in India; and

(d) the right, property or contract in respect of which the royalties or fees for technical services are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed place of profession.

(2) No deduction shall be allowed against the income computed under sub-section (1) in respect of the following amounts:—

(a) any expenditure or allowance which is not wholly and exclusively incurred for the business of such permanent establishment or fixed place of profession in India; or

(b) amounts, if any, paid (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to its head office or to any of its other offices.

(3) The provisions of section 61 in so far as it relates to business referred to in section 61(2) (Table: Sl. No. 5), shall not apply in respect of the income referred to in this section.

(4) The specified assessee shall keep and maintain books of account and other documents as per the provisions of section 62, get his accounts audited on or before the specified date referred to in section 63 by an accountant, and furnish report of audit in the prescribed form, duly signed and verified by the accountant.

(5) For the purposes of this section, the expression "specified assessee" means a non-resident (not being a company) or a foreign company.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 83

Section 60 · Deduction of head office expenditure in case of non-residents.

60. (1) Irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in sections 26 to 54, in the case of a non-resident assessee, deduction of head office expenditure incurred by such assessee as is attributable to his business or profession in India, shall be allowed in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" subject to provisions of sub-section (2).

(2) The deduction allowable under sub-section (1) shall be restricted—

(a) if the adjusted total income of the assessee is a loss, to an upper monetary limit of 5% of the average adjusted total income of the assessee; or

(b) in any other case, to an upper monetary limit of 5% of the adjusted total income of the assessee.

(3) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "adjusted total income" means the total income computed under this Act, without giving effect to the allowance referred to in this section or in section 33(11) or the deduction referred to in section 32(i)(A) or any loss carried forward under section 111(1) or 112(1) or 113(2) or 115(2) or the deductions under Chapter VIII;

(b) "average adjusted total income" means,—

(i) if the assessee is assessable for each of the three tax years immediately preceding the relevant tax year, the arithmetic mean of his adjusted total income over those three tax years;

(ii) if the assessee is assessable only for two of the said three tax years, the arithmetic mean of his adjusted total income over those two tax years;

(iii) if the assessee is assessable only for one of the said three tax years, his adjusted total income for that tax year;

(c) "head office expenditure" means executive and general administration expenditure incurred by the assessee outside India, including expenditure incurred in respect of—

(i) rent, rates, taxes, repairs or insurance of any premises outside India used for the business or profession;

(ii) salary, wages, annuity, pension, fees, bonus, commission, gratuity, perquisites or profits in lieu of, or in addition to, salary, whether paid or allowed to any employee or other person employed in, or managing the affairs of, any office outside India;

(iii) travelling by any employee or other person employed in, or managing the affairs of, any office outside India; and

(iv) such other matters connected with executive and general administration, as may be prescribed.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 84

Section 61 · Special provision for computation of income on presumptive basis in respect of certain business activities of certain non-residents.

61. (1) The provisions of sections 26 to 54, to the extent contrary to this section, shall not apply to the manner of computation of profits and gains of the specified business in sub-section (2).

(2) The profits and gains of any specified business as mentioned in column B of the Table below, carried on by a specified assessee as mentioned in column C of the said Table during a tax year, shall be computed in the manner specified in column D thereof, and shall be deemed to be the profits and gains of such business of such assessee chargeable to tax for the said tax year under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. Nos. 4 and 5) the specified assessee may claim that the profits actually earned from the specified business are lower than the business profits computed under sub-section (2), if,—

(a) he keeps and maintains such books of account and other documents as required under section 62; and

(b) gets his accounts audited and furnish a report of such audit as required under section 63.

(4) Any loss, allowance or deduction allowable under the provisions of this Act shall not be allowed against the income computed in the manner specified in sub-section (2).

(5) The written down value of any asset used for the purposes of specified business or profession shall be computed, as if the assessee mentioned in column C of the Table in sub-section (2) had claimed and was actually allowed depreciation thereon for each of the relevant tax years.

(6) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 5) the provisions of this section shall not apply where the provisions of section 54 or 59 or 207 or 527 apply for the purposes of computing profits and gains or any other income referred to in the said sections.

(7) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 5), "plant" includes ships, aircrafts, vehicles, drilling units, scientific apparatuses and equipments used for the purposes of the specified business.

(8) For the purposes of sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 6), resident company shall satisfy the following:—

(a) it is establishing or operating electronics manufacturing facility or a connected facility for manufacturing or producing electronic goods, article or thing in India, under a scheme notified by the Central Government in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology; and

(b) it satisfies the conditions as may be prescribed in this behalf.

(9) The provisions of sections 59 and 207 shall not apply to amounts referred to in sub-section (2) (Table: Sl. No. 6).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 85, 86

Section 62 · Maintenance of books of account.

62. (1)(a) Any person carrying on specified profession; or

(b) any person carrying on, business; or any profession [not being a profession referred to in clause (a)] and satisfying the conditions referred to in sub-section

(2), shall keep and maintain such books of account and other documents to enable the Assessing Officer to compute his total income under this Act.

(2) The conditions in respect of persons referred to in sub-section (1)(b) shall be the following:—

(a) where the income from business or profession exceeds Rs. 120000 or its total sales, turnover or gross receipts from such business or profession exceeds ten lakh rupees in any one of the three years immediately preceding the tax year; or

(b) where business or profession is newly set up in the tax year, the income from business or profession is likely to exceed Rs. 120000 or its total sales, turnover or gross receipts from such business or profession is likely to exceed ten lakh rupees during such tax year; or

(c) where during the tax year, the assessee referred to in section 58(2) or 61(2) (Table: Sl. Nos. 4 and 5), has claimed income from business or profession to be lower than the deemed profits as referred to in section 58(2) or section 61(2); or

(d) in case of an individual or Hindu undivided family, clauses (a) and (b) shall be modified to the extent of income from such business or profession exceeding Rs. 250000 and its total sales, turnover or gross receipts from such business or profession exceeding twenty-five lakh rupees.

(3) For the purposes of this section, the Board may prescribe—

(a) the books of account and other documents (including inventories, wherever necessary) to be kept and maintained;

(b) particulars to be contained therein;

(c) the form, manner and place at which they shall be kept and maintained; and

(d) the period for which such books of account and other documents are to be retained.

(4) For the purposes of this section, the expression "specified profession" means—

(a) legal, medical, engineering, architectural, accountancy, technical consultancy, interior decoration, information technology or company secretary; or

(b) any other profession, as may be notified by the Board in this behalf.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 87

Section 63 · Tax audit.

63. (1) Every person, carrying on the business or profession fulfilling any of the conditions specified in column B of the Table below, shall get his accounts of the tax year audited by an accountant, before the specified date.

(2) The provisions of this section shall not apply where profits and gains of business or profession, declared by the assessee are as per section 58(2) or 61(2).

(3) The assessee shall furnish by the specified date, the report of such audit in such form, duly signed and verified by the accountant and setting forth such particulars, as may be prescribed.

(4) Where a person is required, by or under any other law, to get his accounts audited, then it shall be sufficient compliance of this section, if such person—

(a) gets the accounts of such business or profession audited under such law before the specified date; and

(b) furnishes by that specified date the report of such audit along with the report of the accountant in the form as may be prescribed.

(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "specified date" in relation to the accounts of the assessee of the tax year, means the date one month prior to the due date for furnishing the return of income under section 263(1);

(b) the payment or receipt, as the case may be, by a cheque drawn on a bank or by a bank draft, which is not account payee, shall be deemed to be the payment or receipt, as the case may be, in cash.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 88

Section 64 · Special provision for computing deductions in case of business reorganisation of co-operative banks.

64. (1) The deduction under section 33 or 44 or 52(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2) shall, in a case where business reorganisation of a co-operative bank has taken place during the tax year, be allowed as per provisions of this section.

(2) The amount of deduction allowable to the predecessor co-operative bank or to the successor co-operative bank or to the converted banking company under section 33 or 44 or 52(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2)shall be determined as per the formula—

(i) for predecessor co-operative bank:—

(A × B) / C

(ii) for successor co-operative bank or converted banking company:—

(A × D) / C

where,— A = the amount of deduction allowable to the predecessor co-operative bank, if the business reorganisation had not taken place; B = the number of days comprised in the period beginning with the 1st day of the tax year and ending on the day immediately preceding the date of business reorganisation; and C = the total number of days in the tax year in which the business reorganisation has taken place. D = the number of days comprised in the period beginning with the date of business reorganisation and ending on the last day of the tax year.

(3) The provisions of section 44 or 52(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1 or 2) shall, in a case where an undertaking of the predecessor co-operative bank entitled to the deduction under the said section is transferred before the expiry of the period specified therein to a successor co-operative bank or to a converted banking company on account of business reorganisation, apply to the successor co-operative bank or to the converted banking company in the tax years subsequent to the year of business reorganisation as they would have applied to the predecessor co-operative bank, as if the business reorganisation had not taken place.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 89

Section 65 · Interpretation for purposes of section 64.

65. For the purposes of section 64,—

(a) "amalgamation" means the merger of an amalgamating co-operative bank with an amalgamated co-operative bank, if—

(i) all the assets and liabilities of the amalgamating co-operative bank or banks immediately before the merger (other than the assets transferred, by sale or distribution on winding up, to the amalgamated co-operative bank) become the assets and liabilities of the amalgamated co- operative bank;

(ii) the members holding 75% or more voting rights in the amalgamating co-operative bank become members of the amalgamated co-operative bank; and

(iii) the shareholders holding 75% or more in value of the shares in the amalgamating co-operative bank (other than the shares held by the amalgamated co-operative bank or its nominee or its subsidiary, immediately before the merger) become shareholders of the amalgamated co- operative bank;

(b) "amalgamating co-operative bank" means—

(i) a co-operative bank which merges with another co-operative bank; or

(ii) every co-operative bank merging to form a new co-operative bank;

(c) "amalgamated co-operative bank" means—

(i) a co-operative bank with which one or more amalgamating co-operative banks merge; or

(ii) a co-operative bank formed as a result of merger of two or more amalgamating co-operative banks;

(d) "business reorganisation" means reorganisation of business involving the amalgamation or demerger of a co-operative bank or conversion of a primary co-operative bank;

(e) "conversion" means transition of a primary co-operative bank to a banking company under the scheme of the Reserve Bank of India as may be notified vide its circular number DCBR. CO. LS. PCB. Cir. No. 5/07.01.000/2018-19, dated 27th September, 2018;

(f) "converted banking company" means a banking company formed as a result of conversion from primary co-operative bank;

(g) "demerger" means the transfer by a demerged co-operative bank of one or more of its undertakings to any resulting co-operative bank, in such manner that—

(i) all the assets and liabilities of the undertaking or undertakings immediately before the transfer become the assets and liabilities of the resulting co-operative bank;

(ii) the assets and the liabilities are transferred to the resulting co-operative bank at values (other than change in the value of assets consequent to their revaluation) appearing in its books of account immediately before the transfer;

(iii) the resulting co-operative bank issues, in consideration of the transfer, its membership to the members of the demerged co-operative bank on a proportionate basis;

(iv) the shareholders holding 75% or more in value of the shares in the demerged co-operative bank (other than shares already held by the resulting bank or its nominee or its subsidiary immediately before the transfer), become shareholders of the resulting co-operative bank, otherwise than as a result of the acquisition of the assets of the demerged co-operative bank or any undertaking thereof by the resulting co-operative bank;

(v) the transfer of the undertaking is on a going concern basis; and

(vi) the transfer is as per the conditions specified by the Central Government, by notification, having regard to the necessity to ensure that the transfer is for genuine business purposes;

(h) "demerged co-operative bank" means the co-operative bank whose undertaking is transferred, pursuant to a demerger, to a resulting bank;

(i) "predecessor co-operative bank" means the amalgamating co-operative bank or the demerged co-operative bank, or the primary co-operative bank, which has been succeeded as a result of conversion;

(j) "primary co-operative bank" shall have the meaning assigned to it in clause (ccv) of section 56 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);

(k) "resulting co-operative bank" means—

(i) one or more co-operative banks to which the undertaking of the demerged co-operative bank is transferred in a demerger; or

(ii) any co-operative bank formed as a result of demerger;

(l) "successor co-operative bank" means the amalgamated co-operative bank or the resulting bank.

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 90

Section 66 · Interpretation.

66. For the purposes of Part D of this Chapter,—

(1) "agreement", for the purposes of section 26(2)(h), includes any arrangement or understanding or action in concert,—

(A) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is formal or in writing; or

(B) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is intended to be enforceable by legal proceedings;

(2) "banking company" means a company to which the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949) applies and includes any bank or banking institution referred to in section 51 of that Act;

(3) "commission or brokerage" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 402(7);

[(4) "commodities transactions tax" and "commodity derivative" shall have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them in Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2013 (17 of 2013);]

(5) "fees for technical services" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 9(7)(b);

(6) "housing finance company" means a public company formed or registered in India with the main object of carrying on the business of providing long- term finance for construction or purchase of houses in India for residential purposes;

(7) "Indian Institute of Technology" shall have the same meaning as that of "Institute" defined in section 3(g) of the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 (59 of 1961);

(8) "Keyman insurance policy" shall have the meaning assigned to it in Schedule II (Note 1);

(9) "limited liability partnership" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 2(1)(n) of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009);

(10) "long-term finance", for the purposes of section 32(e), means any loan or advance where the terms under which moneys are loaned or advanced provide for repayment along with interest thereof during a period of not less than five years;

(11) "micro enterprise" shall be an enterprise classified as such under the notification in this behalf by the Central Government under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (27 of 2006);

(12) "mineral oil" includes petroleum and natural gas;

(13) "moneys payable" in respect of any tangible asset [as referred to in section 33(12)(a)(i)] includes—

(a) any insurance, salvage or compensation moneys payable in respect thereof;

(b) where the asset is sold, the price for which it is sold;

(14) "non-scheduled bank" means a banking company as defined in section 5(c) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949), which is not a scheduled bank;

(15) "paid" means, except for section 37, actually paid or incurred according to the method of accounting upon the basis of which the profits or gains are computed under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession";

(16) "permanent establishment" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 173(c);

(17) "plant" includes ships, vehicles, books, scientific apparatus and surgical equipment used for the business or profession but does not include tea bushes or livestock or buildings or furniture and fittings;

(18) "predecessor entity" means—

(a) the amalgamating Indian company in the case of amalgamation;

(b) the demerged Indian company, in the case of demerger;

(c) a firm, in the case of a succession of a firm by a company as referred to in section 70(1)(zd);

(d) a private company or unlisted public company, in case of conversion as referred to in section 70(1)(ze);

(19) "primary agricultural credit society" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in Part V of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);

(20) "primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank" means a society having its area of operation confined to a taluk and the principal object of which is to provide for long-term credit for agricultural and rural development activities;

(21) "professional services" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 402(28);

(22) "public company" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 2(71) of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);

(23) "public financial institution" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 2(72) of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013);

(24) "rate of exchange" means the rate of exchange determined or recognised by the Central Government for the conversion of Indian currency into foreign currency or foreign currency into Indian currency;

(25) "royalty" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 9(6)(b);

(26) "rural branch" means a branch of a scheduled bank or a non-scheduled bank situated in a place which has a population of not more than ten thousand according to the last preceding census, of which the relevant figures have been published before the first day of the tax year;

(27) "scientific research" means—

(a) any activity for the extension of knowledge in the fields of natural or applied science including agriculture, animal husbandry or fisheries; and

(b) the references to expenditure incurred on scientific research shall include all expenditure incurred for the prosecution, or the provision of facilities for the prosecution, of scientific research, but does not include any expenditure incurred in the acquisition of rights in, or arising out of, scientific research,  and the references to scientific research related to a business or class of business shall include any scientific research—

(i) which may lead to or facilitate an extension of that business or, all businesses of that class;

(ii) of a medical nature which has a special relation to the welfare of workers employed in that business or, all businesses of that class;

(28) "securities transaction tax" shall have the meaning assigned to it under Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 (23 of 2004);

(29) "service", for the purposes of section 26(2)(h), means a service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes the provision of services in connection with business of any industrial or commercial nature such as—

(a) accounting;

(b) banking;

(c) communication;

(d) conveying of news or information;

(e) advertising;

(f) entertainment;

(g) amusement;

(h) education;

(i) financing;

(j) insurance;

(k) chit funds;

(l) real estate;

(m) construction;

(n) transport;

(o) storage;

(p) processing;

(q) supply of electrical or other energy; and

(r) boarding and lodging;

(30) "small enterprise" shall be an enterprise classified as such under the notification in this behalf by the Central Government under the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (27 of 2006);

(31) "speculative transaction" means a transaction in which a contract for the purchase or sale of any commodity, including stocks and shares, is periodically or ultimately settled otherwise than by the actual delivery or transfer of the commodity or scrips, other than the following transactions:—

(a) a specified derivative transaction as defined in clause (33);

(b) a contract in respect of raw materials or merchandise entered into by a person in the course of his manufacturing or merchandising business to guard against loss through future price fluctuations in respect of his contracts for actual delivery of goods manufactured, or merchandise sold by him;

(c) a contract in respect of stocks and shares entered into by a dealer or investor therein to guard against loss in his holdings of stocks and shares through price fluctuations;

(d) a contract entered into by a member of a forward market or a stock exchange in the course of any transaction in the nature of jobbing or arbitrage, to guard against loss which may arise in the ordinary course of his business as such member;

(32) "Specified Banking or Online Mode" shall mean transaction by an account payee cheque or an account payee bank draft or use of electronic clearing system through a bank account or through such other electronic mode, as may be prescribed;

(33) "specified derivative transaction" means any transaction in respect of trading in derivatives referred to in section 2(ac) of the Securities Contracts

(Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956); or in respect of trading in commodity derivatives (other than agricultural commodity derivatives) which is chargeable to commodities transaction tax under Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2013 (17 of 2013) or in respect of trading in agricultural commodity derivatives, if such transactions are—

(a) is carried out—

(i) through a stock broker or such other intermediary registered under section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992) in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956) or the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992) or the Depositories Act, 1996 (22 of 1996) and the rules, regulations or bye-laws made or directions issued under those Acts; or

(ii) by banks or mutual funds,  electronically on screen-based systems of a recognised stock exchange; and

(b) supported by a time stamped contract note issued by the intermediary to every client indicating in the contract note—

(i) the unique client identity number allotted under any law in force; and

(ii) the Permanent Account Number allotted under this Act;

(34) "State Government undertaking" includes—

(a) a corporation established by or under any State Act;

(b) a company in which more than 50% of the paid-up equity share capital is held by the State Government;

(c) a company in which more than 50% of the paid-up equity share capital is held by the entity referred to in clause (a) or (b) (whether singly or taken together);

(d) a company or corporation in which the State Government has the right to appoint the majority of the directors or to control the management or policy decisions, directly or indirectly, including by virtue of its shareholding or management rights or shareholders agreements or voting agreements or in any other manner;

(e) an authority, a board or an institution or a body established or constituted by or under any State Act, or owned or controlled by the State Government;

(35) "State Industrial Investment Corporation" means a Government company within the meaning of section 2(45) of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013), engaged in the business of providing long-term finance for industrial projects;

(36) "State Financial Corporation" means a Financial Corporation established under section 3 or 3A or an institution notified under section 46 of the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951 (63 of 1951);

(37) "successor entity" means—

(a) the amalgamated Indian company, in the case of amalgamation;

(b) the resulting Indian company, in the case of demerger;

(c) a company, in case of a succession of a firm by a company as referred to in section 70(1)(zd);

(d) a limited liability partnership, in case of conversion of private company or unlisted public company to a limited liability partnership, as referred to in section 70(1)(ze);

(38) "taxable commodities transaction" shall have the meaning assigned to it under Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2013 (17 of 2013);

(39) "taxable securities transaction" shall have the meaning assigned to it under Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2004 (13 of 2004);

(40) "University" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 70(2) (Table: Sl. No. 7).

Income-tax Act, 2025 — Income Tax Department print edition · 674-page print downloaded 25 August 2026; source heading states as amended by Finance Act, 2026 · Source PDF pages: 91, 92, 93

Section 67 · Capital gains.

E.—Capital gains

67. (1) Any profits or gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset effected in a tax year shall, save as otherwise provided in sections 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 and 89, be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Capital gains" and shall be deemed to be the income of the tax year in which the transfer took place.

(2) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if a person receives during any tax year any money or other assets under an insurance from an insurer on account of damage to, or destruction of, any capital asset, as a result of circumstances mentioned in sub-section (3), then,—

(a) any profits or gains arising from receipt of such money or other assets shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Capital gains" and shall be deemed to be the income of such person of the tax year in which such money or other asset was received; and

(b) for the purposes of section 72, the value of any money or the fair market value of other assets on the date of such receipt shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of such capital asset.

(3) The following shall be the circumstances referred to in sub-section (2):—

(a) flood, typhoon, hurricane, cyclone, earthquake or any other convulsion of nature; or

(b) riot or civil disturbance; or

(c) accidental fire or explosion; or

(d) action by an enemy or action taken in combating an enemy (whether with or without a declaration of war).

(4) In sub-section (2), "insurer" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in section 2(9) of the Insurance Act, 1938 (4 of 1938).

(5) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if any profits or gains arises to a person from receipt of any amount, including a bonus, under a unit linked insurance policy to which the exemption specified at Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 2)does not apply, then,—

(a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Capital gains" and shall be deemed to be the income of such person in the tax year in which such amount was received; and

(b) the income taxable shall be calculated in such manner, as may be prescribed.

(6) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if the profits or gains arising from the transfer by way of conversion of a capital asset into, or its treatment by the owner as, stock-in-trade of a business carried on by him, then,—

(a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to income-tax as his income in the tax year in which such stock-in-trade is sold or otherwise transferred by him; and

(b) for the purposes of section 72, the fair market value of the asset on the date of such conversion or treatment shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of such capital asset.

(7) If any person, at any time during the tax year, had any beneficial interest in any securities and any profits or gains arise from transfer made by the depository or participant of such beneficial interest in respect of securities, then,—

(a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to income-tax as the income of the beneficial owner of the tax year in which such transfer took place;

(b) such profits and gains shall not be regarded as income of the depository who is deemed to be the registered owner of securities by virtue of section 10(1) of the Depositories Act, 1996 (22 of 1996); and

(c) for the purposes of section 72 and section 2(101)(b), the cost of acquisition and the period of holding of any securities shall be determined on the basis of the first-in-first-out method.

(8) In sub-section (7), "beneficial owner", "depository"and "security" shall have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them in section 2(1)(a), (e) and

(l) of the Depositories Act, 1996 (22 of 1996).

(9) If any profits or gains arise from the transfer of a capital asset by a person, to a firm or other association of persons or body of individuals (not being a company or co-operative society) in which he is or becomes a partner or member, by way of capital contribution or otherwise, then,—

(a) such profits and gains shall be chargeable to tax as his income of the tax year of such transfer; and

(b) for the purposes of section 72 the amount recorded in the books of account of the firm, association or body as the value of the capital asset shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of such capital asset.

(10) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if a specified person receives during the tax year, any money or capital asset, or both, from a specified entity in connection with the reconstitution of such specified entity, then,—

(a) any profits or gains arising from such receipt shall be deemed as income of the specified entity of the tax year of such receipt by the specified person and chargeable to income-tax under the head "Capital gains"; and

(b) such profits or gains shall be determined irrespective of anything to the contrary contained in this Act as follows:— A = B + C – D, where,  A = income chargeable to income-tax under this sub-section as income of the specified entity under the head "Capital gains";  B = value of any money received by the specified person from the specified entity on the date of such receipt;  C = amount of fair market value of the capital asset received by the specified person from the specified entity on the date of such receipt; and  D = amount of balance in the capital account (represented in any manner) of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity at the time of its reconstitution;

(c) for the purposes of clause (b),—

(i) if the value of "A" as computed is negative, such value shall be deemed to be zero;

(ii) the balance in the capital account of the specified person in the books of account of the specified entity shall be calculated without considering any increase in the capital account of the specified person due to revaluation of any asset or due to self-generated goodwill or any other self- generated asset; and

(d) the provisions of this sub-section shall operate in addition to the provisions of section 8 and the taxation under the said section shall be worked out independently, when a capital asset is received by a specified person from a specified entity in connection with the reconstitution of such specified entity.

(11) In sub-section (10),—

(a) "reconstitution of the specified entity", "specified entity" and "specified person" shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in section 8;

(b) "self-generated goodwill" and "self-generated asset" mean goodwill or asset, as the case may be, which has been acquired without incurring any cost for purchase or which has been generated during the course of the business or profession.

(12) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if the capital gain arises from the transfer of a capital asset by way of compulsory acquisition under any law, or a transfer the consideration for which was determined or approved by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India, and the compensation or the consideration for such transfer is enhanced or further enhanced by any court, tribunal or other authority, the capital gain shall be dealt with in the following manner:—

(a) the capital gains computed with reference to the compensation awarded in the first instance or as the case may be, consideration determined or approved by the Central Government or the Reserve Bank of India in the first instance, shall be chargeable as income under the head "Capital gains" of the tax year in which such compensation or part thereof, or such consideration or part thereof, was first received;

(b) the amount by which the compensation or consideration is enhanced or further enhanced by the court, tribunal or other authority shall be deemed to be income chargeable under the head "Capital gains" of the tax year in which such amount is received;

(c) any compensation as referred to in clause (b) received in pursuance of an interim order of a court, tribunal or other authority shall be deemed as income chargeable under the head "Capital gains" of the tax year in which the final order of such court, tribunal or other authority is made; and

(d) the capital gain assessed for any tax year under clause (a) or (b) shall be recomputed where the compensation or consideration referred to in clauses (a) to (c) is reduced by any court, tribunal or other authority, and such reduced value shall be taken to be the full value of the consideration.

(13) In relation to the amount referred to in sub-section (12)(b) and (c),—

(a) the cost of acquisition and the cost of improvement shall be taken as nil; and

(b) in a case, where the enhanced compensation or consideration is received by any other person due to the death of the person who made the transfer, or for any other reason, such amount shall be deemed as the income chargeable to tax under the head "Capital gains" in the hands of such other person.

(14) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), if the capital gains arises to a person (being an individual or a Hindu undivided family), from the transfer of a capital asset, being land or building or both, under a specified agreement, then,—

(a) such capital gains shall be chargeable to income-tax for the tax year in which the certificate of completion for the whole or part of the project is issued by the competent authority; and

(b) for the purposes of section 72, the stamp duty value, on the date of issue of the said certificate, of the share of such person, being land or building or both, in the project, as increased by any consideration received in cash or by a cheque or draft or by any other mode shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of such capital asset.

(15) In sub-section (14),—

(a) "competent authority" means the authority empowered to approve the building plan under any law;

(b) "specified agreement" means a registered agreement in which a person owning land or building, or both, agrees to allow another person to develop a real estate project on such land or building, or both, in consideration of a share, being land or building or both, in such project, whether with or without payment of part of the consideration in cash.

(16) The provisions of sub-section (14) shall not apply, if the person transfers his share in the project on or before the date of issue of the certificate of completion, and then,—

(a) the capital gains shall be deemed to be the income of the tax year of such transfer; and

(b) the provisions of this Act, other than sub-section (14), shall apply for the purpose of determination of full value of consideration.

(17) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), the difference between the repurchase price of the units referred to in section 80CCB(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) and the capital value of such units shall be deemed to be the capital gains arising to the assessee in the tax year in which—

(a) such repurchase takes place; or

(b) the plan referred to in that section is terminated.

(18) For the purposes of sub-section (17), "capital value of such units" means any amount invested by the assessee in the units referred to in section 80CCB(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961).

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Section 68 · Capital gains on distribution of assets by companies in liquidation.

68. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 67, where the assets of a company are distributed to its shareholders on its liquidation, such distribution shall not be regarded as a transfer by the company for the purposes of the said section.

(2) If a shareholder, on the liquidation of a company, receives any money or other assets from the company, then,—

(a) such shareholder shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Capital gains", in respect of the money so received or the market value of the other assets on the date of distribution, as reduced by the amount assessed as dividend within the meaning of section 2(40)(c); and

(b) the sum so arrived at shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration for the purposes of section 72.

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Section 69 · Capital gains on purchase by company of its own shares or other specified securities.

69. (1) If a shareholder or a holder of other specified securities receives any consideration from any company for the purchase of its own shares or other specified securities held by such shareholder or holder of other specified securities, then, subject to the provisions of section 72, the difference between the cost of acquisition and the value of consideration so received shall be deemed to be the "Capital gains" arising to such shareholder or the holder of other specified securities, as the case may be, in the year in which the company purchases the shares or other specified securities.

[(2) In respect of capital gains referred to in sub-section (1), where a company purchases its own shares or other specified securities in accordance with the provisions of section 68 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) and the shareholder or holder of other specified securities is a promoter, the aggregate income-tax payable on such capital gains shall be—

(a) the income-tax payable on such capital gains in accordance with the provisions of this Act; and

(b) an additional income-tax in respect of capital gains specified in column B of the Table below, computed at the rate specified in column C or column D of the said Table:

(3) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) in the case of a company whose shares are listed on a recognised stock exchange in India, 'promoter' shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in regulation 2(k) of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Buy-Back of Securities) Regulations, 2018 made under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992);

(b) in any other case, "promoter" means,––

(i) a "promoter" as defined in section 2(69) of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013); or

(ii) a person who holds, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the shareholding in the company;

(c) "specified securities" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in Explanation 1 to section 68 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013).]

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Section 70 · Transactions not regarded as transfer.

70. (1) The provisions of section 67 shall not apply to transfer—

(a) by way of distribution of capital assets on the total or partial partition of a Hindu undivided family;

(b) of a capital asset by an individual or a Hindu undivided family, under a will or a gift or an irrevocable trust;

(c) of a capital asset, not being stock-in-trade, by a company to its subsidiary company, if—

(i) the parent company or its nominees hold the whole of the share capital of the subsidiary company; and

(ii) the subsidiary company is an Indian company;

(d) of a capital asset, not being stock-in-trade, by a subsidiary company to the holding company, if—

(i) the whole of the share capital of the subsidiary company is held by the holding company; and

(ii) the holding company is an Indian company;

(e) in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset by the amalgamating company to the amalgamated company, if the amalgamated company is an Indian company;

(f) by a shareholder, in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset being a share or shares held by him in the amalgamating company, if—

(i) the transfer is made in consideration of allotment to him of any share or shares in the amalgamated company except when the shareholder itself is the amalgamated company; and

(ii) the amalgamated company is an Indian company;

(g) in a scheme of amalgamation, to him of a capital asset being a share or shares held in an Indian company by the amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company, if—

(i) at least 25% of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign company continue to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign company; and

(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country, in which the amalgamating company is incorporated;

(h) in a scheme of amalgamation, of a capital asset, being a share of a foreign company, referred to in section 9(10)(a), which derives directly or indirectly, its value substantially from the share or shares of an Indian company, held by the amalgamating foreign company to the amalgamated foreign company, if—

(i) at least 25% of the shareholders of the amalgamating foreign company continue to remain shareholders of the amalgamated foreign company; and

(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country in which the amalgamating company is incorporated;

(i) of a capital asset by a banking company to a banking institution under a scheme of amalgamation of a banking company with a banking institution sanctioned and brought into force by the Central Government under section 45(7) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);

(j) in a demerger, of a capital asset by the demerged company to the resulting company, if the resulting company is an Indian company;

(k) of shares by the resulting company or issue of shares by such company, in a scheme of demerger to the shareholders of the demerged company, if the transfer or issue is made in consideration of demerger of the undertaking;

(l) of a capital asset in a demerger, being a share or shares held in an Indian company, by the demerged foreign company to the resulting foreign company, if—

(i) the shareholders holding not less than 75% in value of the shares of the demerged foreign company continue to remain shareholders of the resulting foreign company; and

(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country, in which the demerged foreign company is incorporated,  and in such a case the provisions of sections 230 to 232 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) shall not apply;

(m) of a capital asset in a demerger, being a share of a foreign company, referred to in section 9(10)(a), which derives directly or indirectly, its value substantially from the share or shares of an Indian company, held by the demerged foreign company to the resulting foreign company, if—

(i) the shareholders, holding not less than 75% in value of the shares of the demerged foreign company, continue to remain shareholders of the resulting foreign company; and

(ii) such transfer does not attract tax on capital gains in the country in which the demerged foreign company is incorporated,  and in such a case the provisions of sections 230 to 232 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) shall not apply;

(n) in a business reorganisation, of a capital asset by the predecessor co-operative bank to the successor co-operative bank or to the converted banking company;

(o) by a shareholder, in a business reorganisation, of capital asset being share or shares held by him in the predecessor co-operative bank, if the transfer is made in consideration of the allotment to him of any share or shares in the successor co-operative bank or the converted banking company;

(p) of a capital asset, being bonds or Global Depository Receipts as referred to in section 209(1), made outside India by a non-resident to another non- resident;

(q) made outside India, of a capital asset, being rupee denominated bond of an Indian company issued outside India, by a non-resident to another non- resident;

(r) of a capital asset made by a non-resident on a recognised stock exchange located in any International Financial Services Centre, where the consideration for such transaction is paid or payable in foreign currency, and such capital asset is—

(i) bond or Global Depository Receipt referred to in section 209(1); or

(ii) rupee denominated bond of an Indian company; or

(iii) derivative; or

(iv) such other securities as may be notified by the Central Government;

(s) of a capital asset, being a Government security carrying a periodic payment of interest, made outside India through an intermediary dealing in settlement of securities, by a non-resident to another non-resident;

(t) in a relocation, of a capital asset by the original fund to the resulting fund;

(u) by a shareholder or unit holder or interest holder, in a relocation, of a capital asset being share or unit or interest held by him in the original fund in consideration for the share or unit or interest in the resultant fund;

(v) of a capital asset by India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited to an institution established for financing the infrastructure and development, set up under an Act of Parliament and notified by the Central Government for the purposes of this clause;

(w) of a capital asset, under a plan approved by the Central Government, by a public sector company, to—

(i) another public sector company notified by the Central Government for the purposes of this clause; or

(ii) the Central Government; or

(iii) a State Government;

[(x) by way of redemption, of Sovereign Gold Bond issued by the Reserve Bank of India under the Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, 2015 or any subsequent Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme, if held by an individual from the date of original issue till maturity;]

(y) of a capital asset, being conversion of gold into Electronic Gold Receipt issued by a Vault Manager, or conversion of Electronic Gold Receipt into gold;

(z) by way of conversion of bonds or debentures, debenture-stock or deposit certificates in any form, of a company into shares or debentures of that company;

(za) by way of conversion of bonds referred to in section 209(1) (Table: Sl. No. 1) into shares or debentures of any company;

(zb) by way of conversion of preference shares of a company into equity shares of that company;

(zc) of a capital asset, being any work of art, archaeological, scientific or art collection, book, manuscript, drawing, painting, photograph or print, to—

(i) the Government; or

(ii) a University; or

(iii) the National Museum, National Art Gallery or National Archives; or

(iv) such other public museum or institution as may be notified by the Central Government to be of national importance or of renown throughout any State;

(zd) of a capital asset or intangible asset by a firm to a company as a result of succession of the firm by a company in the business carried on by the firm, if —

(i) all the assets and liabilities of the firm relating to the business immediately before the succession become the assets and liabilities of the company;

(ii) all the partners of the firm, immediately before the succession, become the shareholders of the company in the same proportion in which their capital accounts stood in the books of the firm on the date of the succession;

(iii) the partners of the firm do not receive any consideration or benefit, directly or indirectly, in any form or manner, other than by way of allotment of shares in the company; and

(iv) the aggregate of the shareholding of the partners in the company is not less than 50% of the total voting power and such shareholding continues to not less than 50% for five years from the date of succession;

(ze) of a capital asset or intangible asset by a private company or unlisted public company (herein referred to as the company) to a limited liability partnership or transfer of a share or shares held in the company by a shareholder as a result of conversion of the company into a limited liability partnership under the provisions of section 56 or 57 of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009), if—

(i) all the assets and liabilities of the company, immediately before the conversion, become the assets and liabilities of the limited liability partnership;

(ii) all the shareholders of the company, immediately before the conversion, become the partners of the limited liability partnership and their capital contribution and profit sharing ratio in the limited liability partnership are in the same proportion as their shareholding in the company on the date of conversion;

(iii) the shareholders of the company do not receive any consideration or benefit, directly or indirectly, other than by way of share in profit and capital contribution in the limited liability partnership;

(iv) the aggregate of the profit sharing ratio of the shareholders of the company in the limited liability partnership shall not be less than 50% at any time during five years from the date of conversion;

(v) the total sales, turnover or gross receipts in the business of the company in any of the three tax years preceding the tax year in which the conversion takes place does not exceed sixty lakh rupees;

(vi) the total value of the assets, as appearing in the books of account of the company in any of the three tax years preceding the tax year in which the conversion takes place does not exceed five crore rupees; and

(vii) no amount is paid, either directly or indirectly, to any partner out of balance of accumulated profit standing in the accounts of the company on the date of conversion for three years from the date of conversion;

(zf) of a capital asset or intangible asset (by way of sale or otherwise) by a sole proprietorship concern to a company in case of succession of the sole proprietorship concern by the company in the business carried on by it, if—

(i) all the assets and liabilities related to the business of the sole proprietary concern, immediately before the succession, become the assets and liabilities of the company;

(ii) the shareholding of the sole proprietor in the company is not less than 50% of the total voting power and such shareholding continues to be not less than 50% for five years from the date of the succession; and

(iii) the sole proprietor does not receive any consideration or benefit, directly or indirectly, except through allotment of shares in the company;

(zg) in a scheme for lending of any securities under an agreement or arrangement, entered into by the assessee with the borrower of such securities and which is subject to the guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India or the Reserve Bank of India;

(zh) of a capital asset in a transaction of reverse mortgage under a scheme notified by the Central Government;

(zi) of a capital asset, being share or shares of a special purpose vehicle to a business trust in exchange of units allotted by that trust to the transferor;

(zj) of a capital asset by a unit holder, being a unit or units, held by him in the consolidating scheme of a mutual fund, in consideration of the allotment to the unit holder of a capital asset, being a unit or units, in the consolidated scheme of the mutual fund subject to the condition that the consolidation is of two or more schemes—

(i) of an equity-oriented fund; or

(ii) of a fund other than equity-oriented fund;

(zk) of a capital asset by a unit holder, being a unit or units, held by him in the consolidating plan of a mutual fund scheme, in consideration of the allotment to the unit holder of a capital asset, being a unit or units, in the consolidated plan of that scheme of the mutual fund;

(zl) of a capital asset, being an interest in a joint venture, held by a public sector company, in exchange for shares of a company incorporated outside India by the government of a foreign State, as per the laws of that foreign State.

(2) In sub-section (1), the definitions mentioned in column C of the Table below shall apply to the corresponding clauses of the said sub-section mentioned in column B of the said Table:

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Section 71 · Withdrawal of exemption in certain cases.

71. (1) The profits or gains arising from the transfer of capital asset not charged under section 67 by virtue of section 70(1)(c) and (d) shall, irrespective of anything contained in the said clauses, be deemed to be income chargeable under the head "Capital gains" of the tax year in which such transfer took place, if at any time before the expiry of eight years from the date of such transfer,—

(a) the transferee company converts the capital asset into, or treats it as, stock-in-trade of its business; or

(b) the parent company or its nominees or the holding company, ceases or cease to hold the whole of the share capital of the subsidiary company.

(2) If any of the conditions laid down in section 70(zd) or (zf) are not complied with, the profits or gains arising from the transfer of such capital asset or intangible asset not charged under section 67 by virtue of such conditions shall be deemed to be the profits and gains chargeable to tax under the head "Capital gains" of the successor company for the tax year in which such conditions are not complied with.

(3) If any of the conditions laid down in section 70(ze) are not complied with, the profits or gains arising from the transfer of such capital asset or intangible assets or share or shares not charged under section 67 by virtue of such conditions shall be deemed to be the profits and gains chargeable to tax under the head "Capital gains" of the successor limited liability partnership or the shareholder of the predecessor company, for the tax year in which such conditions are not complied with.

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Section 72 · Mode of computation of capital gains.

72. (1) Income chargeable under the head "Capital gains" shall be computed, by deducting from the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset, the following amounts:—

(a) expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer; and

(b) the cost of acquisition of the asset and the cost of any improvement thereto.

(2) For the purposes of item B of the formula in section 197(3), the provisions of sub-section (1) shall have effect as if for the words "cost of acquisition" and "cost of any improvement", the words "indexed cost of acquisition" and "indexed cost of any improvement" had respectively been substituted.

(3) In computing the income chargeable under the head "Capital gains", the following amounts shall not be allowed as a deduction:—

(a) the interest claimed as deduction under section 22(1)(b) or under Chapter VIII;

(b) any sum paid as securities transaction tax under Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 (23 of 2004).

(4) If a unit holder receives any amount from a business trust with respect to a unit that is not in the nature of income under Schedule V (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4) and is not chargeable to tax under section 92(2)(k) or 223(2), then,—

(a) such amount shall be reduced from the cost of acquisition of such unit; and

(b) if the transaction of transfer of a unit is not considered as transfer under section 70 and cost of acquisition of such unit is determined under section 73, the amount received with respect to such unit before as well as after such transaction, shall be reduced from the cost of acquisition.

(5) In case of value of any money or capital asset received by a specified person from a specified entity, as referred to in section 67(10), the specified entity, in addition to deductions under sub-section (1), shall also be entitled to a deduction calculated in such manner, as may be prescribed for computing the amount chargeable to income-tax in its hands under that sub-section which is attributable to the transfer of such capital asset.

(6) In the case of an assessee, who is a non-resident, capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset being shares in, or debentures of, an Indian company (other than equity shares referred to in section 198) shall be computed—

(a) by converting the cost of acquisition, expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer and the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset into the same foreign currency as was initially utilised in the purchase of the shares or debentures; and

(b) the capital gains so computed in such foreign currency shall be reconverted into Indian currency, so, however, that the said manner of computation of capital gains shall be applicable in respect of capital gains accruing or arising from every re-investment thereafter in, and sale of, shares in, or debentures of, an Indian company.

(7) In the case of an assessee who is a non-resident, any gains arising on account of appreciation of rupee against a foreign currency at the time of redemption of rupee denominated bond of an Indian company held by the assessee, shall be ignored for computing the full value of consideration under this section.

(8) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "Cost Inflation Index", in relation to a tax year, means such Index as the Central Government may, having regard to 75% of average rise in the Consumer Price Index (urban) for the immediately preceding tax year to such tax year, by notification, specify, in this behalf;

(b) "indexed cost of acquisition" means an amount which bears to the cost of acquisition, the same proportion as Cost Inflation Index for the year in which the asset is transferred bears to the Cost Inflation Index for the first year in which the asset was held by the assessee or for the year beginning on 1st April, 2001, whichever is later;

(c) "indexed cost of any improvement" means an amount which bears to the cost of improvement, the same proportion as Cost Inflation Index for the year in which the asset is transferred bears to the Cost Inflation Index for the year in which the improvement to the asset took place; and

(d) the conversion of Indian currency into foreign currency and the reconversion of foreign currency into Indian currency shall be at such rate of exchange as may be prescribed in this behalf.

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Section 73 · Cost with reference to certain modes of acquisition.

73. (1) In the case of a capital asset specified in column B of the Table below, the cost of acquisition of the asset shall be deemed to be the cost as mentioned in column C of the said Table.

(2) For the purposes of the Table in sub-section (1), in respect of the entries against—

(a) serial number 1, "previous owner of the property" for any capital asset owned by an assessee, means the last previous owner of the capital asset who acquired it by a mode of acquisition other than that referred to in column B thereof;

(b) serial numbers 11 and 12, "main portfolio", "segregated portfolio" and "total portfolio" shall have the same meanings as respectively assigned to them in the Circular No. SEBI/HO/IMD/DF2/CIR/P/2018/160, dated the 28th December, 2018, issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India;

(c) serial numbers 14 and 15, "net worth" means the total of the paid-up share capital and general reserves as appearing in the books of account of the demerged company immediately before the demerger;

(d) serial numbers 2, 14 and 15, the provisions as contained therein, shall, as far as may be, also apply in relation to business reorganisation of a co- operative bank as referred to in section 64.

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Section 74 · Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of depreciable assets.

74. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 2(101), for a capital asset forming part of a block of assets on which depreciation has been allowed under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922) or under the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) or under this Act, the provisions of sections 72 and 73 shall be subject to the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3).

(2) If, during the tax year, the full value of consideration received or accruing for the transfer of one or more assets in a block of assets exceeds the total of the following:—

(a) expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer;

(b) the written down value of the block of assets at the start of the tax year; and

(c) the actual cost of any asset falling within the block of assets acquired during the tax year, such excess shall be deemed to be capital gains arising from the transfer of short-term capital assets.

(3) If any block of assets ceases to exist for the reason that all the assets in that block are transferred during the tax year, then,—

(a) the cost of acquisition of the block of assets shall be the written down value of the block of assets at the beginning of the tax year, as increased by the actual cost of any asset falling within that block of assets, acquired by the assessee during the tax year; and

(b) the income received or accruing as a result of such transfer or transfers shall be deemed to be capital gains arising from the transfer of short- term capital assets.

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Section 75 · Special provision for cost of acquisition in case of depreciable asset.

75. If depreciation has been obtained under section 33(2) for a capital asset in any tax year, the provisions of sections 72 and 73 shall apply subject to the modification that the written down value, as defined in section 41, of the asset, as adjusted, shall be taken as the cost of acquisition of the asset.

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Section 76 · Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of Market Linked Debenture.

76. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 2(101) or section 72, the gains on the transfer or redemption or maturity, of a capital asset as mentioned in sub-section (2) shall be treated as short-term capital gains and shall be computed as per sub-section (3).

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the capital asset shall be—

(a) a unit of a Specified Mutual Fund acquired on or after the 1st April, 2023 or a Market Linked Debenture; or

(b) an unlisted bond or an unlisted debenture which is transferred or redeemed or matures on or after the 23rd July, 2024.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the short-term capital gains shall be computed as per the following formula:— X = A – B – C, where,—  X = short-term capital gains;  A = full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer or redemption or maturity of the debenture or unit or bond;  B = the cost of acquisition of the debenture or unit or bond; and  C = the expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer or redemption or maturity.

(4) In computing capital gains under sub-section (3), no deduction shall be allowed for any sum paid as securities transaction tax as per Chapter VII of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004 (23 of 2004).

(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "Market Linked Debenture" means a security, by whatever name called, which has an underlying principal component in the form of a debt security and where the returns are linked to market returns on other underlying securities or indices, and include any security classified or regulated as a market linked debenture by the Securities and Exchange Board of India;

(b) "Specified Mutual Fund" means a Mutual Fund, by whatever name called, which invests more than 65% of its total proceeds in debt and money market instruments or a fund which invests 65% or more of its total proceeds in units of such Mutual Fund, subject to the following:—

(i) the percentage of investment in debt and money market instruments or in units of a fund shall be computed with reference to the annual average of the daily closing figures;

(ii) "debt and money market instruments" shall include any securities, by whatever name called, classified or regulated as debt and money market instruments by the Securities and Exchange Board of India.

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Section 77 · Special provision for computation of capital gains in case of slump sale.

77. (1) Any profits or gains arising from the slump sale effected in the tax year shall be chargeable to income-tax as long-term capital gains and shall be deemed to be the income of the tax year in which the transfer took place, subject to the provisions of sub-section (2).

(2) The profits and gains arising from a slump sale involving the transfer of a capital asset, being one or more undertakings or divisions owned and held by an assessee for thirty-six months or less, immediately before the date of its transfer, shall be treated as short-term capital gains.

(3) In relation to capital assets, being an undertaking or division transferred by way of slump sale,—

(a) the "net worth" of the undertaking or division shall be deemed to be the cost of acquisition and the cost of improvement for sections 72 and 73; and

(b) the fair market value of the capital assets on the date of transfer, calculated in such manner, as may be prescribed, shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer.

(4) Every assessee, in the case of a slump sale, shall furnish in the prescribed form a report of an accountant, before the specified date referred to in section 63, and the report shall—

(a) include the computation of the net worth of the undertaking or division; and

(b) certify that the net worth has been correctly arrived at as per the provisions of this section.

(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) the "net worth" shall be the "aggregate value of total assets" of the undertaking or division, as reduced by the value of its liabilities as appearing in the books of account, and for computing net worth, any change in the value of assets due to revaluation shall be ignored;

(b) the "aggregate value of total assets" shall,—

(i) for depreciable assets, be the written down value of the block of assets determined under section 41(1)(c);

(ii) for capital asset being goodwill of a business or profession, which was not acquired by the assessee by purchase from a previous owner, be nil;

(iii) for capital assets for which the entire expenditure has been allowed or is allowable as a deduction under section 46, be nil; and

(iv) for other assets, be the book value.

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Section 78 · Special provision for full value of consideration in certain cases.

78. (1) If the consideration received or accruing from the transfer of a capital asset, being land or building or both, is less than the stamp duty value, then, for the purposes of section 72, the stamp duty value shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer, subject to the following:—

(a) the stamp duty value on the date of agreement may be taken as the full value of consideration, if—

(i) the date of the agreement fixing the consideration and the date of registration for the transfer of the capital asset are not the same; and

(ii) part or full consideration is received on or before the date of the agreement in "specified banking or online mode" as defined in section 66(32);

(b) if the stamp duty value does not exceed 110% of the consideration recei- ved or accruing from such transfer, such consideration shall be deemed to be the full value of the consideration for section 72.

(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), the Assessing Officer may refer the valuation of the capital asset to a Valuation Officer, and the provisions of section 269(3) to (8), shall, with necessary modifications, apply in relation to such reference, where—

(a) the assessee claims that the stamp duty value exceeds the fair market value of the property as on the date of transfer; and

(b) the stamp duty value has not been disputed in any appeal or revision or no reference has been made before any other authority, court or the High Court.

(3) If the value determined by the Valuation Officer on a reference made under sub-section (2) exceeds the stamp duty value, such stamp duty value shall be taken as the full value of consideration.

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Section 79 · Special provision for full value of consideration for transfer of share other than quoted share.

79. (1) If the consideration received or accruing from the transfer of a capital asset, being share of a company other than a quoted share, is less than the fair market value of such share determined in the manner as may be prescribed, the value so determined shall be deemed to be the full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer for the purposes of section 72.

(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply to any consideration received or accruing as a result of transfer by such class of persons and subject to such conditions, as may be prescribed.

(3) For the purposes of this section, the expression "quoted share" means the share quoted on any recognised stock exchange with regularity from time to time, where the quotation of such share is based on current transaction made in the ordinary course of business.

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Section 80 · Fair market value deemed to be full value of consideration in certain cases.

80. If the consideration received or accruing from the transfer of a capital asset is not ascertainable or cannot be determined, its fair market value on the date of transfer shall be deemed to be the full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of such transfer for the purposes of computing income under the head "Capital gains".

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Section 81 · Advance money received.

81. Where any capital asset was, on any previous occasion, the subject of negotiations for its transfer, any advance or other money received and retained by the assessee in respect of such negotiations—

(a) shall be deducted from the cost for which the asset was acquired or the written down value or the fair market value, as the case may be, in computing the cost of acquisition;

(b) shall not be deducted from the said cost, where such advance or other money has been included in the total income of the assessee for any tax year as per the provisions of section 92(2)(h) of this Act or section 56(2)(ix) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961).

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Section 82 · Profit on sale of property used for residence.

82. (1) Where an individual or Hindu undivided family—

(a) has long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset, being buildings or lands appurtenant thereto, and being a residential house, the income of which is chargeable under the head "Income from house property" (original asset); and

(b) has within one year before or two years after the date of such transfer purchased, or has within three years after that date constructed, one residential house in India (new asset), then, instead of the capital gain being charged to income-tax as income of the tax year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—

(i) if the capital gains exceeds the cost of the new asset, such excess shall be charged under section 67, and for computing capital gains arising from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or construction, the cost shall be nil; or

(ii) if the capital gains is equal to or less than the cost of the new asset, no capital gains shall be charged under section 67 and for computing capital gains from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or construction, the cost shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gains.

(2) If the capital gains referred to in sub-section (1) is not used by the assessee to purchase the new asset within one year before the date of transfer of the original asset, or is not utilised for the purchase or construction of the new asset before filing the return of income under section 263, then—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;

(b) such deposit shall be made before the filing of the return and not later than the due date applicable in the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263(1); and

(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with such return.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount, already utilised for purchasing or constructing the new asset, together with the deposited amount under sub-section (2) shall, subject to sub-section (7), be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.

(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not fully utilised for purchasing or constructing the new asset within the period specified in sub-section

(1), then,—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged to tax under section 67 as the income of the tax year in which the period of three years from the date of the transfer of the original asset expires; and

(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw such unutilised amount in accordance with the scheme referred to in sub-section (2).

(5) If the capital gains under sub-section (1) does not exceed two crore rupees, the assessee may, at his option, purchase or construct two residential houses in India, and where such option has been exercised,—

(a) for the purposes of sub-section (1)(b), "one residential house in India" shall be read as "two residential houses in India"; and

(b) for the purposes of sub-sections (1)(b) and (2), "new asset" shall mean two residential houses in India.

(6) If during any tax year, the assessee has exercised the option mentioned in sub-section (5), he shall not be entitled to exercise such option for the same tax year or any other tax year.

(7) If the cost of new asset exceeds ten crore rupees, the amount exceeding ten crore rupees shall not be taken into account for the purposes of sub-section (1).

(8) If the capital gains on the transfer of original asset exceeds ten crore rupees, the amount exceeding ten crore rupees shall not be taken into account for the purposes of sub-section (2).

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Section 83 · Capital gains on transfer of land used for agricultural purposes not to be charged in certain cases.

83. (1) Where an assessee, being an individual or a Hindu undivided family,—

(a) has capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset, being land, which was used by the assessee or his parent, or the Hindu undivided family for agricultural purposes (original asset), in two years immediately preceding the date of transfer; and

(b) has, within two years after that date, purchased any other land for being used for agricultural purposes (new asset), then, instead of the capital gains being charged to income-tax as income of the tax year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—

(i) if the capital gains exceed the cost of the new asset, such excess shall be charged under section 67, and for computing any capital gains arising from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase, the cost shall be nil; or

(ii) if the capital gains is equal to or less than the cost of the new asset, no capital gains shall be charged under section 67, and for computing any capital gains arising from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase, the cost shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gains.

(2) If the capital gains referred to in sub-section (1) is not utilised by the assessee to purchase the new asset before filing the return of income under section 263, then—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;

(b) such deposit shall be made before the filing of the return and not later than the due date applicable in the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263(1); and

(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with such return.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for purchasing the new asset together with the deposited amount under sub-section (2), shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.

(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not fully utilised for purchase of the new asset within the period specified in sub-section (1), then,—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year in which two years from the date of the transfer of the original asset expires; and

(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw such unutilised amount in accordance with the scheme referred to in sub-section (2).

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Section 84 · Capital gains on compulsory acquisition of lands and buildings not to be charged in certain cases.

84. (1) Where an assessee has—

(a) capital gains arising from the transfer by way of compulsory acquisition under any law, of a capital asset being land or building or any right in land or building, forming part of an industrial undertaking belonging to him, which was being used by the assessee for the business of the said undertaking in the two years immediately preceding the date of transfer (original asset); and

(b) within three years after that date, purchased any other land or building or any right in any other land or building or constructed any other building for shifting or re-establishing the said undertaking or setting up another industrial undertaking (new asset), then, instead of the capital gain being charged to income-tax as income of the tax year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—

(i) if the capital gains exceeds the cost of new asset, such excess shall be charged under section 67, and for computing any capital gains arising from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or construction, the cost shall be nil; or

(ii) if the capital gains is equal to or less than the cost of new asset, no capital gains shall be charged under section 67 and for computing capital gains from the transfer of the new asset within three years of its purchase or construction, the cost shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gains.

(2) If the capital gains referred to in sub-section (1) is not utilised by the assessee to purchase the new asset before filing the return of income under section 263, then—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;

(b) such deposit shall be made before the filing of the return not later than the due date applicable in the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263(1); and

(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with such return.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for purchas- ing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under sub- section (2), shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.

(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not fully utilised for the purchase or construction of the new asset within the period specified in sub- section (1), then,—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year in which three years from the date of the transfer of the original asset expires; and

(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw such unutilised amount in accordance with the scheme referred to in sub-section (2).

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Section 85 · Capital gains not to be charged on investment in certain bonds.

85. (1) Where an assessee has—

(a) long-term capital gains arising from the transfer of land or building, or both, (original asset); and

(b) within six months after the date of such transfer, invested whole or part of the capital gains in a long-term specified asset (new asset), then, the capital gains shall be dealt with as follows:—

(i) if the capital gains exceed the investment in the new asset, the amount of capital gains as exceeds such investment shall be charged under section 67; or

(ii) if the capital gains are equal to or less than the investment in the new asset, the whole of such capital gains shall not be charged under section 67.

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1), investment made in the long-term specified asset from capital gain arising from transfer of one or more original asset shall not exceed fifty lakh rupees,—

(a) during any tax year; or

(b) in the year of transfer of the original asset or assets and in the subsequent tax year.

(3) If the new asset is transferred or converted (otherwise than by transfer) into money within five years of its acquisition, the capital gains not charged under section 67 as per sub-section (1), shall be deemed to be income chargeable as long-term capital gains in the tax year of its transfer or conversion.

(4) Any loan or advance taken on the security of the new asset shall be deemed to have converted the new asset into money on the date of such loan or advance.

(5) Where the investment in the new asset has been taken into account for sub-section (1), no deduction under section 123 for any tax year shall be allowed for such investment.

(6) For the purposes of sub-section (1), "long-term specified asset" means any bond, redeemable after five years and issued on after the 1st April 2018, by the National Highways Authority of India constituted under section 3 of the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988 (68 of 1988) or by the Rural Electrification Corporation Limited, a company formed and registered under the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) or any other bond as may be notified by the Central Government for the purposes of this section.

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Section 86 · Capital gains on transfer of certain capital assets not to be charged in case of investment in residential house.

86. (1) If an individual or a Hindu undivided family has—

(a) capital gains arising from the transfer of any long-term capital asset, not being a residential house (original asset); and

(b) within one year before, or two years after, the date of such transfer, purchased, or has within three years after that date constructed, one residential house in India (new asset), then, the capital gains shall be dealt with as follows:—

(i) if the net consideration is more than the cost of the new asset, so much of the capital gains as bears to the whole of the capital gains, the same proportion as the cost of the new asset bears to the net consideration, shall not be charged under section 67; or

(ii) if the net consideration is equal to or less than the cost of the new asset, no capital gains shall be charged under section 67.

(2) If the net consideration referred to in sub-section (1) is not utilised by the assessee to purchase the new asset within one year before the date of transfer of the original asset, or is not utilised for the purchase or construction of the new asset before filing the return of income under section 263, then,—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;

(b) such deposit shall be made before the filing of the return and not later than the due date applicable in the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263; and

(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with such return.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for purchasing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under sub- section (2) shall, subject to sub-section (8), be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.

(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not wholly or partly utilised for purchasing or constructing the new asset within the period specified in sub-section (1), then,—

(a) the amount determined as per the following formula shall be charged under section 67 as income of the tax year in which three years from the date of the transfer of the original asset expires:—  X – Y,  where,—  X = the capital gains not charged under section 67 as per sub-section (1).  Y = the capital gains that would not have been charged under section 67, if the cost of the new asset had been taken to be the amount actually utilised for purchase or construction of the new asset;

(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw such unutilised amount in accordance with the scheme referred to in sub-section (2).

(5) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall not apply, if—

(a) the assessee—

(i) owns more than one residential house, other than the new asset, on the date of transfer of the original asset; or

(ii) purchases any residential house, other than the new asset, within one year of transfer of the original asset; or

(iii) constructs any residential house, other than the new asset, within three years of transfer of the original asset; and

(b) the income from such residential house, other than the one residential house owned on the date of transfer of the original asset, is chargeable under the head "Income from house property".

(6) If the assessee purchases, within two years after the date of transfer of the original asset, or constructs, within three years after such date, any residential house, the income from which is chargeable under the head "Income from house property", other than the new asset, the capital gains not charged under section 67 on the basis of cost of such new asset as per sub-section (1), shall be charged as long-term capital gains of the tax year in which such residential house is purchased or constructed.

(7) If the new asset is transferred within three years from the date of purchase or its construction, the capital gains not charged under section 67 on the basis of cost of such new asset as per sub-section (1) shall be charged as long-term capital gains of the tax year in which such new asset is transferred.

(8) If the cost of the new asset exceeds ten crore rupees, the amount exceeding ten crore rupees, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of sub-section

(1).

(9) If the net consideration on the transfer of original asset exceeds ten crore rupees, the amount exceeding ten crore rupees, shall not be taken into account for the purposes of sub-section (2).

(10) For the purposes of this section, "net consideration"means the full value of the consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the original asset as reduced by any expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively in connection with such transfer.

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Section 87 · Exemption of capital gains on transfer of assets in cases of shifting of industrial undertaking from urban area.

87. (1) If the assessee has—

(a) capital gains arising from the transfer of capital asset, being machinery or plant or building or land or any rights in building or land used for the business of an industrial undertaking situated in an urban area, effected in the case of shifting of an industrial undertaking situated in an urban area (original asset) to any area [other than an urban area (new area)]; and

(b) within one year before or three years after the date of such transfer,—

(i) purchased new machinery or plant for business of the industrial undertaking in the new area;

(ii) acquired building or land or constructed building for his business in the said area;

(iii) shifted the original asset and transferred the establishment of such undertaking to such area; and

(iv) incurred expenses on such other purpose as specified in a scheme notified by the Central Government for this section, then, instead of the capital gains being charged to income-tax as income of the tax year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—

(A) if the cost and expenses incurred on all or any of the purposes mentioned in sub-clauses (i) to (iv) referred to as "new asset",—

(I) is less than the capital gains, the difference shall be charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year; or

(II) is equal to or more than the capital gain, no capital gain shall be charged under section 67; and

(B) for computing any capital gain arising from transfer of the new asset within three years of its being purchased, acquired, constructed or transferred, the cost shall be nil in case of sub-clause (A)(II) or shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gain in case of sub-clause (A)(I).

(2) If the capital gain is not used by the assessee for the new asset within one year before the date of transfer of the original asset, or before filing the return of income under section 263, then—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;

(b) such deposit shall be made before the filing of the return and not later than the due date applicable in the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263(1); and

(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with such return.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for purchasing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under sub- section (2) shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.

(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not wholly or partly utilised for the new asset within the period specified in sub-section (1), then,—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year in which the period of three years from the date of the transfer of the original asset expires; and

(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw such unutilised amount in accordance with the scheme referred to in sub-section (2).

(5) For the purposes of this section, the expression "urban area" means any area within the limits of a municipal corporation or municipality, declared to be an urban area by the Central Government for the purposes of this section, having regard to—

(a) the population;

(b) concentration of industries; and

(c) need for proper planning of the area and other relevant factors.

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Section 88 · Exemption of capital gains on transfer of assets in cases of shifting of industrial undertaking from urban area to any Special Economic Zone.

88. (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 87, if the assessee has—

(a) capital gains arising from the transfer of a capital asset, being machinery or plant or building or land or any rights in building or land used for the business of an industrial undertaking situated in an urban area, effected in the course of or in consequence of shifting of such industrial undertaking (original asset) to any Special Economic Zone in any urban or any other area; and

(b) has within one year before or three years after the date of such transfer,—

(i) purchased machinery or plant for the business of the industrial undertaking in such Special Economic Zone;

(ii) acquired building or land or constructed building for his business in such Special Economic Zone;

(iii) shifted the original asset and transferred the establishment of such undertaking to such Special Economic Zone; and

(iv) incurred expenses on such other purposes specified by a scheme notified by the Central Government in this behalf, then, instead of capital gain being charged to income-tax as income of the tax year in which the transfer took place, it shall be dealt with as follows:—

(A) if the cost and expenses incurred in on all or any of the purposes mentioned sub-clauses (i) to (iv) referred to as "new asset",—

(I) is less than the capital gains, the difference shall be charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year; or

(II) is equal to or more than the capital gains, no capital gain shall be charged under section 67;

(B) for computing any capital gain arising from transfer of the new asset within three years of its being purchased, acquired, constructed or transferred, the cost shall be nil in case of sub-clause (A)(II), or shall be reduced by the amount of the capital gain in case of sub-clause (A)(I).

(2) If the capital gain referred to in sub-section (1) is not utilised by the assessee for the new asset within one year before the transfer of the original asset, or before filing the return of income under section 263, then,—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be deposited in a specified bank or institution and utilised as per the scheme notified by the Central Government;

(b) such deposit shall be made before the filing of the return and not later than the due date applicable in the case of the assessee for filing the return of income under section 263(1); and

(c) the proof of deposit shall be submitted along with such return.

(3) For the purposes of sub-section (1), the amount already utilised for purchasing or constructing the new asset together with the deposited amount under sub- section (2) shall be deemed to be the cost of the new asset.

(4) If the amount deposited under sub-section (2) is not wholly or partly utilised for the new asset within the period specified in sub-section (1), then,—

(a) the unutilised amount shall be charged under section 67 as the income of the tax year in which the period of three years from the date of the transfer of the original asset expires; and

(b) the assessee shall be entitled to withdraw such unutilised amount in accordance with the scheme referred to in sub-section (2).

(5) For the purpose of this section, the expression "urban area" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 87.

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Section 89 · Extension of time for acquiring new asset or depositing or investing amount of capital gains.

89. Irrespective of anything contained in sections 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86,—

(a) if the transfer of the original asset mentioned in those sections is by way of compulsory acquisition under any law; and

(b) if the compensation awarded for such acquisition is not received by the assessee on the date of transfer, then, the period available to him under those sections for acquisition of the new asset or investment or deposit of capital gain in specified bank or institution shall be reckoned from the date of receipt of compensation.

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Section 90 · Meaning of "adjusted", "cost of improvement" and "cost of acquisition".

90. (1) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, "cost of improvement",—

(a) in relation to a capital asset being goodwill or any intangible asset of a business, or a right to manufacture, produce or process any article or thing, or right to carry on any business or profession, or any other right, shall be taken to be nil; and

(b) in relation to any other capital asset,—

(i) if the capital asset became the property of the previous owner or the assessee before the 1st April, 2001, means all expenditure of a capital nature incurred on or after the said date in making any additions or alterations to the capital asset by the previous owner or the assessee; and

(ii) in any other case, means all expenditure of a capital nature incurred in making any additions or alterations to the capital asset by the assessee after it became his property, and, where the capital asset became the property of the assessee by any of the modes specified in section 73 (Table: Sl. No. 1), by the previous owner.

(2) For the purposes of sub-section (1)(b), the cost of improvement does not include any expenditure which is deductible in computing the income chargeable under the head "Income from house property", "Profits and gains of business or profession" or "Income from other sources".

(3) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, "cost of acquisition" of a capital asset (being goodwill of a business or profession, or a trade mark or brand name associated with a business or profession, or any other intangible asset, or a right to manufacture, produce or process any article or thing, or a right to carry on any business or profession, or tenancy rights, or stage carriage permits, or loom hours, or any other right) means—

(a) the purchase price, if acquisition of such asset by the assessee is by purchase from the previous owner; and

(b) the purchase price for the previous owner, in the case covered in section 73 (Table: Sl. No. 1), where such asset was acquired by purchase by the previous owner as defined in sub-section (2) of the said section; and

(c) nil, in any other case.

(4) For the purposes of sub-section (3)(a) or (b), if—

(a) the capital asset is goodwill of a business or profession; and

(b) the assessee has obtained a deduction on account of depreciation under section 32(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) in a tax year preceding the tax year commencing on the 1st April, 2020, then the total amount of depreciation obtained before the tax year commencing on the 1st April, 2020 shall be reduced from the amount of purchase price.

(5) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, and subject to the provisions of sub- section (9)(a) and (b), "cost of acquisition" shall be as per sub-section (6), in a case where, by virtue of holding a capital asset, being a share or any other security, within the meaning of section 2(h) of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956) (herein referred to as the financial asset), the assessee—

(a) becomes entitled to subscribe to any additional financial asset; or

(b) is allotted any additional financial asset without any payment.

(6) In a case referred to in sub-section (5), "cost of acquisition", in relation to—

(a) the original financial asset, on the basis of which the assessee becomes entitled to any additional financial asset, means the amount actually paid for acquiring the original financial asset;

(b) any right to renounce the said entitlement to subscribe to the financial asset, when such right is renounced by the assessee in favour of any person, shall be taken to be nil in the case of such assessee;

(c) the financial asset, to which the assessee has subscribed on the basis of the said entitlement, means the amount actually paid by him for acquiring such asset;

(d) the financial asset allotted to the assessee without any payment and on the basis of holding of any other financial asset, shall be taken to be nil; and

(e) any financial asset purchased by any person in whose favour the right to subscribe to such asset has been renounced, means the total amount of the purchase price paid by him to the person renouncing such right and the amount paid by him to the company or institution, for acquiring such financial asset.

(7) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, "cost of acquisition", subject to sub-section (9)(a) and (b), in relation to a long-term capital asset, being an equity share in a company or a unit of an equity oriented fund or a unit of a business trust referred to in section 198, acquired before the 1st February, 2018, shall be higher of—

(a) the cost of acquisition of such asset; and

(b) lower of—

(i) the fair market value of such asset; and

(ii) the full value of consideration received or accruing as a result of the transfer of the capital asset.

(8) For the purposes of sub-section (7),—

(a) "Cost Inflation Index", shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 72(8)(a);

(b) "fair market value" means,—

(i) in a case where the capital asset is listed on any recognised stock exchange as on the 31st January, 2018, the highest price of the capital asset quoted on such exchange on that date;

(ii) in a case where there is no trading in such asset on such exchange on the 31st January, 2018, as mentioned in sub-clause (i) the highest price of such asset on such exchange on a date immediately preceding the 31st January, 2018 when such asset was traded on such exchange shall be the fair market value;

(iii) if the capital asset is a unit which is not listed on a recognised stock exchange as on the 31st January, 2018, the net asset value of such unit as on that date;

(iv) if the capital asset is an equity share in a company which is—

(A) not listed on a recognised stock exchange as on the 31st January, 2018 but listed on such exchange on the date of transfer;

(B) not listed on a recognised stock exchange as on the 31st January, 2018, or which became the property of the assessee in consideration of share which is not listed on such exchange as on the 31st January, 2018 by way of transaction not regarded as transfer mentioned in section 70, but listed on such excha- nge subsequent to the date of transfer (where such transfer is in respect of sale of unlisted equity shares under an offer for sale to the public included in an initial public offer);

(C) listed on a recognised stock exchange on the date of transfer and which became the property of the assessee in consideration of share which is not listed on such exchange as on the 31st January, 2018 by way of transaction not regarded as transfer mentioned in section 70,  an amount which bears to the cost of acquisition the same proportion as Cost Inflation Index for the tax year 2017-18 bears to the Cost Inflation Index for the first year in which the asset was held by the assessee or for the year beginning on the 1st April, 2001, whichever is later.

(9) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, cost of acquisition in relation to any other capital asset,—

(a) if the capital asset became the property of the assessee before the 1st April, 2001, subject to sub-section (10), shall be the cost of acquisition of the asset to the assessee or its fair market value on the 1st April, 2001, at the option of the assessee;

(b) if the capital asset became the property of the assessee by any of the modes specified in section 73 (Table: Sl. No. 1), and the capital asset became the property of the previous owner before the 1st April, 2001, subject to sub-section (10), shall be the cost of the capital asset to the previous owner or its fair market value on the 1st April, 2001, at the option of the assessee;

(c) if the capital asset became the property of the assessee on the distribution of the capital assets of a company on its liquidation and the assessee has been assessed to income-tax under the head "Capital gains" in respect of that asset under section 68, means the fair market value of the asset on the date of distribution;

(d) if the capital asset, being a share or a stock of a company, became the property of the assessee on—

(i) the consolidation and division of all or any of the share capital of the company into shares of larger amount than its existing shares; or

(ii) the conversion of any shares of the company into stock; or

(iii) the re-conversion of any stock of the company into shares; or

(iv) the sub-division of any of the shares of the company into shares of smaller amount; or

(v) the conversion of one kind of shares of the company into another kind, means the cost of acquisition of the asset calculated with reference to the cost of acquisition of the shares or stock from which such asset is derived.

(10) In case of a capital asset referred to in sub-section (9)(a) and (b), being land or building, or both, the fair market value of such asset on the 1st April, 2001 for the said sub-section (9)(a) and (b) shall not exceed the stamp duty value, wherever available, of such asset as on the 1st April, 2001.

(11) If the cost for which the previous owner acquired the property cannot be ascertained, the cost of acquisition to the previous owner shall be the fair market value on the date on which the capital asset became the property of the previous owner.

(12) For the purposes of sections 72 and 73, cost of acquisition in relation to a capital asset—

(a) being equity share or shares allotted to a shareholder of a recognised stock exchange in India under a scheme for demutualisation or corporatisation approved by the Securities and Exchange Board of India established under section 3 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (15 of 1992), shall be the cost of acquisition of his original membership of the exchange;

(b) bring trading or clearing rights of the recognised stock exchange acquired by a shareholder who has been allotted equity share or shares under such scheme of demutualisation or corporatisation, shall be deemed to be nil.

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Section 91 · Reference to Valuation Officer.

91. (1) For ascertaining the fair market value of a capital asset for this Chapter, the Assessing Officer may refer the valuation of the capital asset to a Valuation Officer,—

(a) if the value of the asset claimed by the assessee is as per the estimate by a registered valuer, but the Assessing Officer is of the opinion that the value so claimed is at variance with its fair market value;

(b) in any other case, if the Assessing Officer is of the opinion that—

(i) the fair market value of the asset exceeds the value claimed by the assessee by more than the percentage of value of such asset or amount, as may be prescribed; or

(ii) having regard to the nature of the asset and other relevant circumstances, it is necessary so to do.

(2) The provisions of section 269(3) to (8) shall, with necessary modifications, apply in relation to such reference made under sub-section (1).

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Section 92 · Income from other sources.

F.—Income from other sources

92. (1) Income of every kind which is not to be excluded from the total income under this Act, shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Income from other sources", if it is not chargeable to income-tax under any of the heads specified in section 13(a) to (d).

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), the following incomes shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head "Income from other sources":—

(a) any dividend;

(b) any winning from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races including horse races, card games and other games of any sort or from gambling or betting of any form or nature;

(c) any sum received by the assessee from employees as contributions to any provident fund, superannuation fund, any fund set up under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (34 of 1948), or any other fund for the welfare of such employees, if the income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession";

(d) any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy, as defined in Schedule II (Note 1) including the bonus allocated on such policy, if such income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession" or under the head "Salaries";

(e) any income by way of interest on securities, if the income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession";

(f) any income from machinery, plant or furniture belonging to the assessee and let on hire, if the income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession";

(g) any income from letting on hire of machinery, plant or furniture, belonging to the assessee and also buildings, where the letting of the buildings is inseparable from the letting of such machinery, plant or furniture, if the income is not chargeable to income-tax under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession";

(h) any sum of money received as an advance or otherwise during negotiations for the transfer of a capital asset, if—

(i) such sum is forfeited; and

(ii) the negotiations do not result in transfer of such capital asset;

(i) any income by way of interest received on compensation or on enhanced compensation referred to in section 278(1);

(j) any compensation or other payment, due to or received by any person, by whatever name called, in connection with the termination of his employment, or the modification of its terms and conditions;

(k) any specified sum received by a unit holder from a business trust during the tax year with respect to a unit held by him at any time during such tax year, the computation of which shall be—   specified sum = A – B – C (which shall be deemed to be zero, if the sum of B and C is greater than A), where—   A = aggregate of the sum distributed by the business trust with respect to such unit, during the tax year or during any earlier tax year or years, to such unit holder, who holds such unit on the date of distribution of sum or to any other unit holder who held such unit at any time prior to the date of such distribution, which is—

(a) not in the nature of income referred to in Schedule V (Table: Sl. No. 3 or 4); and

(b) not chargeable to tax under section 223(2);   B = amount at which such unit was issued by the business trust; and   C = amount charged to tax under this clause in any earlier tax year;

(l) where any sum, including bonus allocated, is received, during a tax year, under a life insurance policy, other than—

(a) sums received under a unit linked insurance policy; or

(b) income referred to in clause (d),   and such sum is not to be excluded from the total income of that tax year under Schedule II (Table: Sl. No. 2), the sum exceeding the aggregate of the premium paid, during the term of such life insurance policy, and not claimed as a deduction under this Act, computed in such manner, as may be prescribed;

(m) where any person receives in any tax year, from any person or persons—

(i) any sum of money without consideration, the total of which exceeds Rs. 50000, the whole of such sum;

(ii) any immovable property—

(A) without consideration, the stamp duty value of which exceeds Rs. 50000, the stamp duty value of such property;

(B) for a consideration, the stamp duty value of such property that exceeds such consideration, if this excess amount is more than the higher of the following amounts:—

(I) Rs. 50000; or

(II) 10% of the consideration;

(iii) any property, other than immovable property,—

(A) without consideration, the aggregate fair market value of which exceeds Rs. 50000, the whole of the aggregate fair market value of such property;

(B) for a consideration which is less than the aggregate fair market value of the property by an amount exceeding Rs. 50000, the aggregate fair market value of such property as exceeds such consideration.

(3) The provisions of sub-section (2)(m) shall not apply to any sum of money or any property received—

(a) from any relative; or

(b) on the occasion of marriage of the individual; or

(c) under a will or by way of inheritance; or

(d) in contemplation of death of the payer or donor; or

(e) from any local authority as defined in Schedule III (Note 6); or

(f) from or by any registered non-profit organisation as defined in section 355(g), except when received by any person referred to in section 355(h); or

(g) by way of a transaction not regarded as transfer under section 70(1)(a), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), (i), (j), (k), (l), (n), (o), (t), (u), (v) or (w); or

(h) from an individual by a trust created or established solely for the benefit of relative of the individual; or

(i) from such class of persons and subject to such conditions, as may be prescribed.

(4) For the purposes of sub-section (2)(m)(ii),—

(a) if the date of agreement fixing the amount of consideration for the transfer of immovable property and the date of registration are not the same, the stamp duty value on the date of agreement shall apply, provided the consideration, in whole or in part, has been paid in specified banking or online mode as defined in section 66(32) on or before the date of agreement for transfer of such immovable property;

(b) if the stamp duty value of immovable property is disputed by the assessee on the grounds mentioned in section 78(2), the Assessing Officer may refer the valuation of such property to a Valuation Officer, and the provisions of sections 78(2) and 288(1) (Table: Sl. No. 8) shall, as far as may be, apply to the stamp duty value of such property as they apply for valuation of capital asset under those sections.

(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) "assessable" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 2(105);

(b) "card game and other game of any sort" includes any game show, an entertainment programme on television or electronic mode, where people compete to win prizes or any similar game;

(c) "fair market value" of a property, other than an immovable property, means the value determined by such method as may be prescribed;

(d) "jewellery" shall have the meaning assigned to it in section 2(22);

(e) "lottery" includes winnings from prizes awarded by draw of lots, by chance, or in any other manner under any scheme or arrangement by whatever named called;

(f) "property" means the following capital asset of the assessee:—

(i) immovable property being land or building or both;

(ii) shares and securities;

(iii) jewellery;

(iv) archaeological collections;

(v) drawings;

(vi) paintings;

(vii) sculptures;

(viii) any work of art;

(ix) bullion; or

(x) virtual digital asset;

(g) "relative" means—

(i) in case of an individual—

(A) spouse;

(B) brother or sister;

(C) brother or sister of the spouse;

(D) brother or sister of either of the parents;

(E) any lineal ascendant (maternal as well as paternal) or descendant;

(F) any lineal ascendant (maternal as well as paternal) or descendant of the spouse;

(G) spouse of the person referred to in items (B) to (F); and

(ii) for a Hindu undivided family, any member thereof;

(h) "unit linked insurance policy" shall have the meaning assigned to it in Schedule II (Note 1).

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Section 93 · Deductions.

93. (1) The income chargeable under the head "Income from other sources" shall be computed after making the following deductions:—

[(a) for interest on securities, any reasonable sum paid as commission or remuneration to a banker or any other person for the purpose of realising such interest on behalf of the assessee;]

(b) for income of the nature referred to in section 92(2)(c), so far as may be, an amount as per section 29(1)(e);

(c) for income of the nature referred to in section 92(2)(f) and (g), so far as may be, an amount as per section 28(1)(a), (b), (d), section 33, and subject to the provisions of section 28(2);

(d) for income in the nature of family pension (a regular monthly amount payable by the employer to a family member of an employee upon the death of such employee),—

(i) an amount equal to one-third of such income or Rs. 25000, whichever is less, where income-tax is computed under section 202(1); and

(ii) an amount equal to one-third of such income or Rs. 15000, whichever is less, in any other case;

(e) any other expenditure (not being in the nature of capital expenditure) laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for making or earning such income;

(f) for income of the nature referred to in section 92(2)(i), an amount equal to 50% of such income and no other deduction shall be allowed under this section;

(g) for income in the nature of commutation of pension received from a fund as specified in Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 3), the entire amount;

(h) for income in the nature of gratuity as referred in section 19(2)(g), received on the death of the employee, the entire amount.

[(2) Irrespective of anything contained in sub-section (1), in respect of any dividend income or income from units of a Mutual Fund specified under Schedule VII (Table: Sl. No. 20 or 21) or income from units of a specified company as referred to in section 2(h) of the Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2002 (58 of 2002), no deduction shall be allowed.]

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Section 94 · Amounts not deductible.

94 . (1) Irrespective of anything contained in section 93, the following amounts shall not be deductible in computing the income of any assessee chargeable under the head "Income from other sources":—

(a) any personal expenses of the assessee; or

(b) any interest chargeable under this Act, payable outside India, on which tax has not been paid or deducted under Chapter XIX-B; or

(c) any payment chargeable under the head "Salaries", if it is payable outside India, unless tax has been paid or deducted under Chapter XIX-B.

(2) The provisions of sections 29, 35(b)(i), and 36 shall apply in computing the income chargeable under the head "Income from other sources" as they apply in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(3) For an assessee, being a foreign company, the provisions of section 59 shall apply in computing the income chargeable under the head "Income from other sources", as they apply in computing the income chargeable under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

(4) In computing the income from winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races including horse races, card games and other games of any sort, or from gambling or betting of any form or nature, no deduction for any expenditure or allowance related to such income shall be allowed under this Act.

(5) Sub-section (4) shall not apply in computing the income of an assessee, being the owner of horses maintained for running in horse races, from the activity of owning and maintaining such horses.

(6) For the purposes of this section, the expression "horse race" means a horse race upon which wagering or betting may be lawfully made.

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Section 95 · Profits chargeable to tax.

95 . The provision of section 38(1), (2), (3) and (4) shall apply in computing the income of an assessee under section 92, as they apply in computing the income of an assessee under the head "Profits and gains of business or profession".

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