Original study guide
Criminal misconduct and proof
Other language: हिंदी
Read today's section 13 instead of reusing the older list of misconduct categories.
The 2018 substitution of section 13(1) identifies dishonest or fraudulent misappropriation/conversion of entrusted or controlled property, and intentional illicit enrichment during office. Its explanations address disproportionate resources or property and known sources of income. Older app text with the former list of clauses is not the wording reproduced by this reader.
Section 20 contains a rebuttable presumption in trials under sections 7 or 11 once the facts specified there are proved. A presumption is not permission to presume guilt merely from an accusation. Section 12 deals separately with abetment; section 15 addresses an attempt concerning section 13(1)(a), rather than every possible failed act.
Fictional example
Fictional example: an audit identifies missing entrusted property. A reader should examine control, alleged conversion, dishonesty and evidence rather than treating an accounting discrepancy as a conviction.
What not to assume
Dates matter when comparing older and amended offences. This pack does not decide retrospective application or analyse a person's assets.
Read the complete provisions
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Original educational explanations, not legal advice or a complaint service. Hindi guides are not statutory translations. This is not an official or certified edition; check regional changes and judicial interpretation separately. Government reference · Source checked: 2026-10-02.